Articles
-
All
-
EDM
-
Scientific Reviews
-
Blog
-
Most Recent
-
Oldest
-
Explore emerging synthetic lethal vulnerabilities beyond BRCA–PARP and advances in their discovery and prediction through CRISPR screening, organoids, multi-omics, and AI.
-
FISH is a molecular technique using fluorescent probes to detect specific nucleic acids in cells, with high sensitivity and diverse biomedical applications.
-
This review explores the molecular mechanisms of the DNA damage response, reviews therapeutic strategies targeting DDR pathways in cancer, and examines their roles in cancer drug resistance.
-
When you hear "inflammation" and "DNA damage," you might immediately think of disease or injury. However, in brains, these two processes are key steps in forming long-term memories, particularly related to specialized cells in our brain called hippocampal neurons.
-
ARN24139 is a potential topoisomerase II (topoII) inhibitor that inhibits cancer cell proliferation and is useful in cancer research.
-
Mitonafide, a potent cytostatic agent, can inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis. Mitonafide is a potent antitumor agent.
-
CAM 833, a potent and selective inhibitor of the BRCA2-RAD51 interaction, and has the potential for the cancer research.
-
RP-6685 is a potent, selective and orally active DNA Polθ inhibitor with an IC50 value of 5.8 nM. RP-6685 shows antitumor activity.
-
AZ31 is a potent, highly selective, and orally active ATM inhibitor, and is also a potent radiosensitizer in vitro.
-
Simmiparib is a highly potent and orally active PARP1 and PARP2 inhibitor with IC50s of 1.75 nM and 0.22 nM, respectively. Antitumor effect.
-
AZD-9574 is a potent and brain penetrant PARP1 inhibitor and shows >8000-fold selectivity for PARP1 compared to PARP2/3/5a/6.
-
BNS-22 is a potent and selective inhibitor of TOP2α and TOP2β that exhibits anti-proliferative activities.
-
Rucaparib (AG014699) is an orally active, potent inhibitor of PARP proteins (PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARP-3) with IC50s <5 nM , possessing anticancer activity.
-
Rebeccamycin, an antitumor antibiotic, inhibits DNA topoisomerase I. Rebeccamycin can be used for leukemia research.
-
Actinomycin D (Dactinomycin) is an autophagy activator inhibiting DNA repair with an IC50 of 0.42 μM.
-
Bisantrene is topoisomerase II poisons and DNA intercalators. Bisantrene intercalates with and disrupts the configuration of DNA.
-
Pirarubicin, an anthracycline antibiotics, is a topoisomerase II Inhibitor.
-
Mirin is a potent MRN complex inhibitor. Mirin prevents MRN-dependent activation of ATM without affecting ATM protein kinase activity.
-
Lomeguatrib is a highly potent MGMT inactivator, improves the therapeutic effect of alkylating agents in a number of tumour models.
-
VAL-083 is an alkylating agent that creates N7 methylation on DNA, VAL-083 exhibits antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.
-
PFM39 is a potent and selective MRE11 exonuclease inhibitor, and does not inhibit endonuclease, nuclease activity.
-
β-Lapachone, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, induces apoptosis by inhibiting cell cycle progression. β-Lapachone has anti-inflammatory effect.
-
Rucaparib is a PARP Inhibitor
2022-01-13
Rucaparib is an orally active, potent inhibitor of PARP proteins (PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARP-3). Rucaparib has the potential for CRPC research. -
AZD1390 is a potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable, brain-penetrant ATM inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.78 nM.
-
PR-104A is a hypoxia-selective DNA cross-linking agent/DNA-damaging agent and cytotoxin. Antitumor Activity. Leukemia (T-ALL).
-
Daunorubicin is a topoisomerase II inhibitor with a wide spectrum of anticancer activity and anti-HBV effect.
-
SN-38 (NK012) is an active metabolite of the Topoisomerase I inhibitor Irinotecan and inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis.
-
SG3199, an ADC Cytotoxin, is a Cytotoxic DNA Minor Groove Interstrand Crosslinking PDB Dimer
2021-07-12
SG3199, a PBD dimer, is a warhead in next-generation ADCs with potently cytotoxic and a very short half-life. -
Venadaparib is a selective and orally active PARP1/2 inhibitor with significant in vitro and in vivo activities in multiple cancer models.
-
Elimusertib is a potent, orally available and selective ATR inhibitor. Elimusertib has potent anti-tumor activity.
-
PF 477736 (PF 00477736) is a Chk1 inhibitor. Breaching the DNA damage checkpoint. PF-00477736 combines with Gemcitabine to abrogates cell cycle arrest.
-
Senaparib, a selective and orally active PARP1/2 inhibitor, has great potential as a monotherapy as well as in combination with other agents.
-
NSC-105808, a potent, specific DNA2 nuclease inhibitor, inhibits HR repair, DSB end resection and suppresses proliferation of cancer cells.
-
NSC 80467, a potent DNA damaging agent, selectively inhibits survivin, and preferentially inhibits DNA synthesis.
-
AZ9482 is a Triple PARP1/2/6 Inhibitor
2021-01-05
AZ9482 is a triple PARP1, PPAR2 and PPAR6 inhibitor, with IC50 values of 1 nM, 1 nM and 640 nM for PARP1, PARP2 and PARP6, respectively. -
SAR-020106 is an ATP-competitive CHK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 13.3 nM for hCHK1. SAR-020106 can enhance antitumor activity with selected anticancer drugs.
-
Telomestatin is a potent telomerase inhibitor and selectively facilitates the formation of intramolecular G-quadruplexes. ADC cytotoxin for cancer research.
-
CRT0044876 is a potent and selective APE1 inhibitor. CRT0044876 inhibits the AP endonuclease, 3′-phosphodiesterase and 3′-phosphatase activities of APE1.
-
DI-87, an orally active and selective dCK inhibitor, has antitumor activity and is used in combination therapy against tumors expressing dCK.
-
DI-82 is a potent deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) inhibitor. DI-82 is potent against hematological malignancies and other cancers.
-
RBN-2397 is an orally active accross species NAD+ competitive inhibitor of PARP7. RBN-2397 binds to PARP7 and restores interferon (Type I) signaling.
-
PIK-75 is a reversible DNA-PK and p110α selective inhibitor. Impairs cell proliferation, survival, and tumor growth. Induce apoptosis.
-
TP3011 is a potent DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor. Antitumor activities.Active metabolite of TP3076. TP3011 inhibits cancer cell proliferative activities.
-
NU1025 is a potent PARP inhibitor and potentiates the cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation drug. NU1025 has anti-cancer and neuroprotective activity.
-
SB-218078, a Chk1 inhibitor, inhibits Chk1 phosphorylation of cdc25C with an IC50 of 15 nM, causeing apoptosis by DNA damage and cell cycle arrest.
-
D-I03 is a Selective RAD52 Inhibitor
2020-01-08
D-I03 is a selective RAD52 inhibitor, which specifically inhibits RAD52-dependent single-strand annealing (SSA) and D-loop formation. -
DRF-1042 is an orally active derivative of Camptothecin and acts to inhibit DNA topoisomerase I with good anticancer activity.
-
Niraparib is an Orally Active PARP Inhibitor
2019-12-18
Niraparib is a highly potent and orally bioavailable PARP1 and PARP2 inhibitor. Niraparib has potent anti-cancer activity. -
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the principal cytotoxic lesions induced by topoisomerase II poisons.
-
AOH1160, an Orally Active PCNA Inhibitor, Exhibits Efferctive Anti-cancer Activity with Low Toxicity
2019-09-14
AOH1160 is a potent, first-in-class, orally available PCNA inhibitor and exhibits broad-spectrum anti-cancer activity without causing unacceptable toxicity. -
E3330, an APE1 Redox Inhibitor, Modulates Cell Migration and Invasion in Metastatic Cancer
2019-09-13
E3330 is a direct, orally active AP endonuclease 1 (APE1) inhibitor, which suppresses NF-κB DNA-binding activity. E3330 shows good anticancer properties. -
JH-RE-06, a potent REV1-REV7 interface inhibitor (IC50=0.78 μM; Kd=0.42 μM), targets REV1 that interacts with the REV7 subunit of POLζ.
-
ML367 is an ATAD5 Stabilization Inhibitor
2019-08-03
ML367 is a potent inhibitor of ATAD5 stabilization. It blocks DNA repair pathways, and suppresses phosphorylation of RPA32 and CHK1. -
NMS-P515 is a potent, orally active and stereospecific PARP-1 inhibitor, with a Kd of 16 nM and an IC50 of 27 nM (in Hela cells). Anti-tumor activity.
-
IZCZ-3 is a potent c-MYC transcription inhibitor with antitumor activity. IZCZ-3 induces an apparent accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase.
-
TAS-114 is a dual dUTPase/dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) inhibitor, can improving the therapeutic efficacy of fluoropyrimidine.
-
STL127705 is a Ku 70/80 heterodimer protein inhibitor, inhibits Ku70/80-DNA interaction (IC50 of 3.5 μM) and Ku-dependent activation of DNA-PKCS kinase.
Products
-
All
-
Inhibitors & Agonists
-
Isotope-Labeled Compounds
-
Fluorescent Dye
-
Peptides
-
Recombinant Proteins
-
Antibodies
-
Screening Libraries
-
Reference Standards
-
Induced Disease Models Products
-
GMP Small Molecules
-
Biochemical Assay Reagents
-
Natural Products
| Cat. No. | Product Name | Information | Application | Publication |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HY-17026 | Gemcitabine |
Gemcitabine (LY 188011) is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog antimetabolite and an antineoplastic agent. Gemcitabine inhibits DNA synthesis and repair, and can modulate autophagy. Gemcitabine induces apoptosis through the activation of p38 MAPK. Gemcitabine demonstrates efficacy in mouse models of pancreatic and breast cancer. Gemcitabine can be used for cancer research, such as pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer.
|
Prostate Cancer
Leukemia/Lymphoma/Myeloma
Pancreatic Cancer
Viral Infection
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
HER-2 Positive Breast Cancer
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Metastatic Breast Cancer
SARS-CoV-2 Infection
|
316
|
| HY-17371 | Oxaliplatin |
|
255
|
|
| HY-17565A | Bleomycin hydrochloride |
Bleomycin hydrochloride is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. Bleomycin hydrochloride is a DNA damaging agent. Bleomycin hydrochloride is an antitumor antibiotic.
|
|
228
|
| HY-17565 | Bleomycin sulfate |
Bleomycin sulfate is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. Bleomycin hydrochloride is a DNA damaging agent. Bleomycin sulfate is an antitumor antibiotic.
Source: Streptomyces verticillus |
|
228
|
| HY-16561 | Resveratrol |
Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501) is a CNS-penetrant natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.
|
Neurological, Eye or Ear Disease
Prostate Cancer
Liver Cancer
Bacterial Infection
Fungal Infection
Glucose Metabolism
SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Obesity
Lung Fibrosis
|
184
|
| HY-D0815 | Propidium Iodide |
Propidium Iodide (PI) is a nuclear staining agent that stains DNA. Propidium Iodide is an analogue of ethidine bromide that emits red fluorescence upon embedding in double-stranded DNA. Propidium Iodide cannot pass through living cell membranes, but it can pass through damaged cell membranes to stain the nucleus. Propidium Iodide has a fluorescence wavelength of 493/617 nm and a wavelength of 536/635 nm after Mosaic with DNA. Propidium Iodide is commonly used in the detection of apoptosis (apoptosis) or necrosis (necrosis), and is often used in flow cytometry analysis.
|
|
179
|
| HY-18982 | Anisomycin |
Anisomycin is a potent protein synthesis inhibitor which interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system. Anisomycin is a JNK activator, which increases phospho-JNK. Anisomycin is a bacterial antibiotic.
Source: Streptomyces griseolus |
Liver Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Bacterial Infection
Parasitic Infection
Pain
Neuroblastoma
Glioblastoma
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
|
168
|
| HY-13753 | Streptozotocin |
Streptozotocin (Streptozocin; STZ) is an antibiotic widely used in experimental animal models of induced diabetes. Streptozotocin enters B cells via the glucose transporter (GLUT2) and causes the alkylation of DNA ( DNA-methylating ). Streptozotocin can induce the apoptosis of β cells.
Source: Streptomyces achromogenes |
|
168
|
| HY-13433 | Thapsigargin |
|
166
|
|
| HY-13605 | Cytarabine |
Cytarabine, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC50 of 16 nM. Cytarabine has antiviral effects against HSV. Cytarabine shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.
Source: Xerocomus nigromaculatus |
DNA/RNA Synthesis
Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
HSV
Autophagy
Apoptosis
Endogenous Metabolite
Orthopoxvirus
Neurological, Eye or Ear Disease
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Leukemia/Lymphoma/Myeloma
Orthopoxvirus Infection
SARS-CoV-2 Infection
|
114
|
| HY-L004 | Cell Cycle/DNA Damage Compound Library |
DNA is prone to numerous forms of damage that can injure cells and impair fitness. Cells have developed an array of mechanisms to repair these injuries. Proliferating cells are especially vulnerable to DNA damage due to the added demands of cellular growth and division. Cell cycle checkpoints represent integral components of DNA repair that coordinate cooperation between the machinery of the cell cycle and several biochemical pathways that respond to damage and restore DNA structure. By delaying progression through the cell cycle, checkpoints provide more time for repair before the critical phases of DNA replication, when the genome is replicated, and of mitosis, when the genome is segregated. Loss or attenuation of checkpoint function may increase spontaneous and induced gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations by reducing the efficiency of DNA repair.
MCE owns a unique collection of 3,617 cell cycle/DNA damage-related compounds which can be used in the research of the same.
|
|
110
|
| HY-L049 | Antibacterial Compound Library |
Antibacterial agents are a group of materials that fight against pathogenic bacteria. Thus, by killing or reducing the metabolic activity of bacteria, their pathogenic effect in the biological environments will be minimized. The most widely used antibacterial agents exert their effects on bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication and metabolic pathways. However, resistance to antimicrobial agents has become a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main mechanisms of resistance are limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop new drugs targeted at resistant organisms.
MCE offers a unique collection of 2,030 compounds with validated antibacterial activities. MCE antibacterial compound library is an effective tool for drug repurposing screening, combination screening and biological investigation.
|
|
109
|
| HY-L044 | Nucleotide Compound Library |
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are synthetic, chemically modified compounds that have been developed to mimic their physiological counterparts in order to exploit cellular metabolism and subsequently be incorporated into DNA and RNA to inhibit cellular division and viral replication. In addition to their incorporation into nucleic acids, nucleoside and nucleotide analogues can interact with and inhibit essential enzymes such as human and viral polymerases (that is, DNA-dependent DNA polymerases, RNA-dependent DNA polymerases or RNA-dependent RNA polymerases), kinases, ribonucleotide reductase, DNA methyltransferases, purine and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase and thymidylate synthase. These actions of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have potential therapeutic benefits — for example, in the inhibition of cancer cell growth, the inhibition of viral replication as well as other indications.
MCE offers a unique collection of 597 nucleotide compounds including nucleotide, nucleoside and their structural analogues. MCE Nucleotide Compound Library is a useful tool to discover anti-cancer and antiviral drugs for high throughput screening (HTS) and high content screening (HCS).
|
|
107
|
| HY-17393 | Carboplatin |
Carboplatin (NSC 241240) is a DNA synthesis inhibitor which binds to DNA, inhibits replication and transcription and induces cell death. Carboplatin (NSC 241240) is a derivative of CDDP and a potent anti-cancer agent.
|
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lung Adenocarcinoma
Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Large Cell Lung Carcinoma
HER-2 Positive Breast Cancer
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Metastatic Breast Cancer
|
106
|
| HY-L034M | Anti-Aging Compound Library Mini |
Research has shown that drugs targeting aging pathways demonstrate promising potential in models of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, osteoarthritis, and various malignancies. This suggests that intervening in the biological processes of aging may enable synergistic prevention and treatment of multiple chronic diseases. Against the backdrop of the gradual elucidation of core aging mechanisms-including cellular senescence, telomere attrition, epigenetic dysregulation, and chronic inflammation anti-aging research has shifted from traditional phenotypic interventions toward targeting key pathways that regulate biological age.
The MCE Anti-Aging Compound Library Mini is precisely built upon this cutting-edge concept. It focuses on aging-related targets validated through genetic or functional studies, comprising 381 compounds designed to provide systematic research tools for aging biology and intervention strategy development. The library covers core mechanisms such as mTOR, SIRT, energy metabolism, clearance of senescent cells, optimization of mitochondrial function, and telomere maintenance. For each target, 1-5 compounds with clear activity and strong representativeness have been carefully selected, spanning the entire translational spectrum from preclinical tool molecules to clinically investigational drugs.
|
|
100
|
| HY-L230 | FDA Kinase Inhibitor Library |
Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to substrate molecules, a process known as phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation serves as a critical regulatory mechanism for numerous cellular processes, including cell division, metabolism, and signal transduction. The human genome encodes over 500 kinases, which collectively regulate approximately 50% of cellular functions. Due to their pivotal roles, kinases represent one of the most important target classes in drug development. Kinase inhibitors can selectively block the activity of disease-associated kinases, making them valuable therapeutics for conditions such as cancer and inflammatory diseases. FDA-approved kinase inhibitors have undergone extensive preclinical and clinical studies, demonstrating high bioactivity, favorable safety profiles, and good bioavailability, rendering them suitable for investigating new therapeutic indications.
|
|
100
|
| HY-L234 | Nucleotide Metabolite Compound Library |
Nucleotide metabolism is central to cancer aggressiveness, underpinning uncontrolled proliferation, chemotherapy resistance, immune evasion, and metastasis. It is transcriptionally regulated by oncogenes (e.g., MYC) and tumor suppressors (e.g., pRb). Nucleotide imbalance and nucleoside degradation further regulate cell state transitions, especially following replication stress. Additionally, secretion of nucleotides/nucleosides into the tumor microenvironment modulates immune responses and influences treatment efficacy. Therefore, nucleotide metabolites have roles in disease response and indication in cancer research, and can be utilized to develop cancer-related mechanisms and drugs.
MCE can provide 83 metabolites produced by nucleotide metabolic pathways, which can be used for disease mechanism research and drug research.
|
|
100
|
| HY-L244 | High-Efficiency Gene Editing Compound Library |
In this era of rapid advancement in gene-editing technology, the CRISPR-Cas system, with its powerful programmability, is leading a transformation in life sciences research. It enables efficient and precise targeted modification of an organism's genome, providing a robust tool for studying gene function, treating genetic diseases, and improving crop varieties. However, bottlenecks such as insufficient editing efficiency, low homologous directed repair efficiency, and potential off-target risks remain major challenges in achieving precise genetic modifications and developing gene therapies.
To overcome these limitations, the MCE High-Efficiency Gene Editing Compound Library systematically includes 777 small molecules that are known or have the potential to enhance gene-editing efficiency. These compounds work by targeting and modulating the DNA damage repair network, mechanistically inhibiting non-homologous end joining, promoting homologous directed repair, or regulating chromatin states and cellular responses, thereby significantly optimizing editing outcomes. This library is suitable for developing "CRISPR-small molecule" combination therapy strategies, improving gene-editing efficiency, and providing a powerful tool for in-depth research into the mechanisms of DNA damage repair in gene editing.
|
|
100
|
| HY-L264 | DNA Damage Repair Inhibitor Library |
DNA damage response (DDR) is a fundamental mechanism for maintaining genomic stability. When DNA damage occurs, such as single- or double-strand breaks or replication fork stalling, cells rely on key proteins including ATM, ATR, PARP, and DNA-PK to sense the damage and transmit signals, thereby regulating DNA repair, cell-cycle arrest, and cell death. Inhibition of specific DNA repair or checkpoint pathways can prevent tumor cells from effectively repairing accumulated DNA damage, ultimately leading to tumor cell death.
MCE DNA Damage Repair Inhibitor Library contains 1,581 compounds, focusing on key nodes involved in DNA damage response and DNA repair. The library covers multiple DNA repair and cell-cycle checkpoint pathways, providing a systematic compound screening tool for research on precision oncology, synthetic lethality, drug resistance mechanisms, and chemo- or radiosensitization.
|
|
100
|
| HY-N0488A | Vincristine |
Vincristine (Leurocristine; NSC-67574; 22-Oxovincaleukoblastine) is a microtubule inhibitor that disrupts microtubule polymerization by binding to β-tubulin (with a Ki of 85 nM in bovine), arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Vincristine inhibits cell replication, tumor blood flow and the proliferation of various cancer cells, while triggering effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium overload, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and peripheral neuropathic pain. Vincristine upregulates the expression of various transporters and nuclear receptors, and enriches gastric cancer stem-like cells. Vincristine is used in research related to various tumors including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, gastric cancer, solid tumors and sarcomas.
|
|
86
|
| HY-N0488 | Vincristine sulfate |
Vincristine (Leurocristine; NSC-67574; 22-Oxovincaleukoblastine) sulfate is a microtubule inhibitor that disrupts microtubule polymerization by binding to β-tubulin (with a Ki of 85 nM in bovine), arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Vincristine sulfate inhibits cell replication, tumor blood flow and the proliferation of various cancer cells, while triggering effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium overload, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and peripheral neuropathic pain. Vincristine sulfate upregulates the expression of various transporters and nuclear receptors, and enriches gastric cancer stem-like cells. Vincristine sulfate is used in research related to various tumors including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, gastric cancer, solid tumors and sarcomas.
|
Neurological, Eye or Ear Disease
Leukemia/Lymphoma/Myeloma
Small Cell Lung Cancer
HBV Reverse Transcriptase
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
|
86
|
| HY-15176 | Pyridostatin |
Pyridostatin (RR82) is a G-quadruplex DNA stabilizing agent (Kd=490 nM) and can target DNA and RNA G4s in cells. Pyridostatin promotes growth arrest in human cancer cells by inducing replication- and transcription-dependent DNA damage. Pyridostatin targets the proto-oncogene Src. Pyridostatin reduced SRC protein levels and SRC-dependent cellular motility in human breast cancer cells.
|
|
37
|
| HY-15176C | Pyridostatin trihydrochloride |
Pyridostatin (RR82) trihydrochloride is a G-quadruplex (G4) inducer/stabilizer with a Kd of 490 nM. Pyridostatin trihydrochloride also acts as an inhibitor of Zika virus (ZIKV) NS2B-NS3 protease, with an IC50 of 11.0 μM. Pyridostatin trihydrochloride interacts with G-quadruplex structures, regulates the expression of SRC and SUB1, and induces replication- and transcription-dependent DNA damage, growth arrest, and genomic instability. Pyridostatin trihydrochloride exhibits antiproliferative and antiviral activities. Pyridostatin trihydrochloride can be used in studies related to breast cancer, cervical cancer, and Zika virus infection.
|
|
37
|
| HY-15176B | Pyridostatin TFA |
Pyridostatin (RR82) TFA is a G-quadruplex (G4) inducer/stabilizer with a Kd of 490 nM. Pyridostatin TFA also acts as an inhibitor of Zika virus (ZIKV) NS2B-NS3 protease, with an IC50 of 11.0 μM. Pyridostatin TFA interacts with G-quadruplex structures, regulates the expression of SRC and SUB1, and induces replication- and transcription-dependent DNA damage, growth arrest, and genomic instability. Pyridostatin TFA exhibits antiproliferative and antiviral activities. Pyridostatin TFA can be used in studies related to breast cancer, cervical cancer, and Zika virus infection.
|
|
37
|
| HY-N1150 | Thymidine |
|
29
|
|
| HY-16291A | APTO-253 hydrochloride |
APTO-253 (LOR-253) hydrochloride is a small molecule that inhibits c-Myc expression, stabilizes G-quadruplex DNA and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. APTO-253 hydrochloride mediates anticancer activity via induction of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) tumor suppressor. APTO-253 hydrochloride exhibits antiarthritic activity.
|
|
23
|
| HY-16291 | APTO-253 |
APTO-253 (LOR-253) is a small molecule that inhibits c-Myc expression, stabilizes G-quadruplex DNA, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. APTO-253 mediates anticancer activity through induction of the Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) tumor suppressor. APTO-253 has antiarthritic activity.
|
Leukemia/Lymphoma/Myeloma
Pancreatic Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
|
23
|
| HY-B0425A | Novobiocin sodium |
Novobiocin (Albamycin; Cathomycin) sodium is an orally active aminocoumarin antibiotic (Antibiotic) and Hsp90 inhibitor. Novobiocin sodium binds to the C-terminal nucleotide-binding site of Hsp90 and inhibits the function of this chaperone; Novobiocin sodium competitively blocks ATP binding to GyrB, targets ParE in N. gonorrhoeae, inhibits human POLθ ATPase and the POLθ helicase-like domain in a non-ATP-competitive manner, and inhibits the catalytic activity of human TOP2A and TOP2B. Novobiocin sodium inhibits MMEJ, blocks the recruitment of POLθ to DNA damage sites, induces ssDNA gap formation and apoptosis (Apoptosis), and exhibits synthetic lethality in HR-deficient tumors. Novobiocin sodium can be used for research on equine piroplasmosis, gonorrhea, HR-deficient tumors, anthrax, melioidosis, and acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Source: Streptomyces niveus |
|
14
|
| HY-B1046 | Clofazimine |
Clofazimine is an orally-active anti-mycobacterial agent with a wide range of anti-mycobacterial activity including leprosy and tuberculosis. Clofazimine exerts anti-inflammatory activities and anti-tumor activities by interfering DNA replication and inhibiting IL2 (IC50 = 1.10 ± 0.26 μM, Jurkat T) production. Clofazimine can be used in mycobacterial and cancer research.
|
|
14
|
| HY-W112938 | TMPyP tetrachloride |
TMPyP tetrachloride is a quadruplex-specific ligand. TMPyP tetrachloride inhibits the interaction between G-quadruplexes and IGF-1. TMPyP tetrachloride is a telomerase inhibitor and inhibits cancer cells proliferation. TMPyP tetrachloride is also a stabilizer of nucleic acid secondary structure and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Besides, TMPyP tetrachloride has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.
|
|
13
|
| HY-108477 | TMPyP4 tosylate |
TMPyP4 tosylate (TMP 1363) is a quadruplex-specific ligand. TMPyP4 tosylate inhibits the interaction between G-quadruplexes and IGF-1. TMPyP4 tosylate is a telomerase inhibitor and inhibits cancer cells proliferation. TMPyP4 tosylate is also a stabilizer of nucleic acid secondary structure and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Besides, TMPyP4 tosylate has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.
|
|
13
|
| HY-133821 | N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX |
N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX (NMM), a widely used G-quadruplex DNA specific fluorescent binder, is an efficient probe for monitoring Aβ fibrillation. N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX is an in situ inhibitor and an ex situ monitor for Aβ amyloidogenesis both in vitro and in cells. N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX is sensitive to G-quadruplexes DNA but has no response to duplexes, triplexes and single-stranded forms DNA. N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX is nonfluorescent alone or in monomeric Aβ environments, but emits strong fluorescence through stacking with the Aβ assemblies.
|
|
8
|
| HY-N0401A | (Z)-Ligustilide |
(Z)-Ligustilide is extracted from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, has antimicrobial and antifungal activity, exhibits an average antifungal score of 5.6. (Z)-Ligustilide is orally active, it inhibits the expression of FATP5 and DGAT, inhibits fatty acid uptake and esterification in mice and has potential as therapeutics for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) . (Z)-Ligustilide is also able to reactivate ERα, has epigenetic regulation, and is used in the study of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
|
|
5
|
| HY-B1422 | 9-Aminoacridine |
9-Aminoacridine, a fluorescent probe, acts as an indicator of pH for quantitative determination of transmembrane pH gradients (inside acidic). 9-Aminoacridine is an antimicrobial. 9-Aminoacridine exerts its antimicrobial activity by interacting with specific bacterial DNA and disrupting the proton motive force in K. pneumoniae. 9-Aminoacridine is a HIV-1 inhibitor and inhibits HIV LTR transcription highly dependent on the presence and location of the amino moiety. 9-Aminoacridine inhibits virus replication in HIV-1 infected cell lines. 9-Aminoacridine is used as a Rifampin (RIF; HY-B0272) adjuvant for the multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae infections.
|
|
4
|
| HY-B0883 | 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate |
3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate is a multifunctional acridine compound. 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate is an acridine dye and also a DNA inserter. 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate is a potent broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Its mechanism is to insert into bacterial DNA, interfering with replication and transcription, leading to bacterial lysis. 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate is a Kir3.2 potassium channel blocker and can be used to study the neurological phenotype of Down syndrome. 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate can penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin and accumulate in the cell nucleus. Long-term exposure may induce skin cancer or other malignant tumors.
|
|
3
|
| HY-N6954 | Garcinone C |
Garcinone C, a xanthone derivative, is a natural compound extracted from Garcinia oblongifolia that is used as an anti-inflammatory, astringency and granulation-promoting medicine, and has potential cytotoxic effects on certain cancers. Garcinone C stimulates the expression levels of ATR and 4E-BP1, arrests the cell cycle, inhibits cell viability of the human Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines CNE1, CNE2, HK1 and HONE1 in a time‑ and dose‑dependent manner through inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway. Garcinone C is orally active.
|
Inflammation or Immune System Disease
Breast Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Gastric Cancer
Liver Cancer
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
|
3
|
| HY-163299 | pan-KRAS-IN-5 |
pan-KRAS-IN-5 is a pan-KRAS translation inhibitor by targeting 5′-UTR RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s). pan-KRAS-IN-5 strongly binds to and stabilizes KRAS rG4s, inhibits KRAS translation, and blocks the MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways. pan-KRAS-IN-5 induces cell cycle arrest, prompts apoptosis in KRAS-driven cancer cells. pan-KRAS-IN-5 inhibits tumor growth and KRAS expression in KRAS-mutant xenograft. KRAS-IN-5 can be used for KRAS-driven cancer research.
|
|
2
|
| HY-N3005 | Britannin |
Britannin is an NLRP3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.630 μM, exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity. Britannin inhibits the activation and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by blocking the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7. Additionally, Britannin demonstrates antitumor activity by inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells through blocking the interaction between HIF-1α and Myc, thereby suppressing PD-L1 expression and enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Britannin can also induce apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells by activating ROS-regulated AMPK. Britannin holds promise for research in the fields of anti-inflammatory and antitumor therapeutics.
|
|
2
|
| HY-P80884 | RPA70 Antibody (YA678) |
RPA70 Antibody (YA678) is a Mouse-derived and non-conjugated IgG2a monoclonal antibody, targeting to RPA70.
Host: Mouse; Reactivity: Human, Monkey, Mouse, Rat |
|
2
|
| HY-145843 | c-Myc inhibitor 5 |
|
1
|
|
| HY-N0857 | Deoxyandrographolide |
Deoxyandrographolide is an orally active lactone found in the Andrographis paniculata Nees. Deoxyandrographolide shows a KD of 38.4 μM of HDAC1. Deoxyandrographolide enhances GLUT4 plasma membrane translocation, activates PI3K and AMPK-dependent signaling pathways, suppresses fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol levels. Deoxyandrographolide enhances HDAC1 expression via inhibited ubiquitination degradation, represses H3K4me3, improves chromosome stability, and restrains aging biomarkers p16, p21, γH2A.X, p53 and ROS production. Deoxyandrographolide interacts with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3Cpro active site, inhibits protease and IFN-antagonist activity, derepresses ISG expression, and inhibits viral replication. Deoxyandrographolide can be used for the researches of type 2 diabetes mellitus, vascular senescence and virus infection.
|
GLUT
HDAC
Virus Protease
PI3K
AMPK
Akt
Histone Demethylase
MDM-2/p53
IFNAR
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
|
1
|
| HY-N1461 | Dihydrodaidzein |
Dihydrodaidzein is a dietary phytoestrogen. Dihydrodaidzein possesses functions including antioxidation, inhibition of DNA oxidative damage, regulation of lipid metabolism and maintenance of intestinal flora stability. Dihydrodaidzein induces apoptosis, regulates immune responses, modulates tumor-related factors, activates the Bmp-2 signaling pathway, inhibits NF-κB and MAPK, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. Dihydrodaidzein can be used in research related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and inflammatory diseases.
|
|
1
|
| HY-B0330S | Levofloxacin-d8 |
Levofloxacin-d8 is the deuterium labeled Levofloxacin. Levofloxacin, a synthetic fluoroquinolone, is an antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.
|
|
1
|
| HY-W013159 | 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium |
2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate (5′-dGMP) disodium is a mononucleotide having guanine as the nucleobase. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is a reactant involved in analysis of self-assembling in solution and nucleation/growth of G-qudruplexes, nucleophilic trapping and reductive alkylation. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can be used as an oxidizable target. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is a nucleic acid guanosine triphosphate (GTP) derivative and is a nucleotide precursor used in DNA synthesis.
|
|
1
|
| HY-W040129 | Chromomycin A3 |
Chromomycin A3 is an inhibitor that selectively binds to GC-rich DNA sequences. Chromomycin A3 targets the DNA minor groove after forming a dimer with Mg2+. Chromomycin A3 inhibits DNA replication and transcription, blocks the binding of Sp1 transcription factor to target gene promoters, downregulates the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as FLIP, Mcl-1, and XIAP, and induces S-phase cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in tumor cells. Chromomycin A3 can antagonize oxidative stress induced by glutathione depletion and neuronal apoptosis induced by Camptothecin (HY-15660). Chromomycin A3 can be used in basic research on malignant tumors such as cholangiocarcinoma, and is a potential chemosensitizer and GC-rich region probe.
Source: Streptomyces griseu |
|
1
|
| HY-P703112 | DHX9 Protein, Human (sf9, His) |
DHX9 Protein, Human (sf9, His) is the recombinant human-derived DHX9, expressed by sf9 insect cells , with His labeled tag.
Species: Human; Source: Sf9 insect cells |
|
1
|
| HY-N0168AS | (Rac)-Hesperetin-d3 |
(Rac)-Hesperetin-d3 is the deuterium labeled (Rac)-Hesperetin. (Rac)-Hesperetin is the racemate of Hesperetin (HY-N0168), an orally active multi-target inhibitor. (Rac)-Hesperetin exhibits significant anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities by blocking the TGF-β1-mediated Fyn/RhoA signaling axis and the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB inflammatory pathway. (Rac)-Hesperetin inhibits the formation of actin stress fibers and the migration and invasion of cancer cells, and is suitable for triple-negative breast cancer research. In inflammation models, (Rac)-Hesperetin effectively alleviates lung injury by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and regulating the activity of oxidative stress enzymes, and is suitable for acute lung injury research. (Rac)-Hesperetin also interferes with the entry and early replication processes of channel catfish virus, inhibits viral gene expression and progeny virus production, thereby protecting cells from virus-induced cytopathic effects.
|
|
/
|
| HY-174403 | c-MYC/BCL2 ligand 1 iodide |
c-MYC/BCL2 ligand 1 iodide is a dual-targeting c-MYC/Bcl-2 G4 ligand with Kd values of 0.90 μM (c-MYC G4) and 0.56 μM (Bcl-2 G4). c-MYC/BCL2 ligand 1 iodide inhibits c-MYC and Bcl-2 gene transcription by binding to G4-forming sequences and downregulates their protein expression. c-MYC/BCL2 ligand 1 iodide inhibits suppresses migration, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis, and triggers cell cycle G1 arrest in MCF-7 cells. c-MYC/BCL2 ligand 1 iodide significantly suppresses tumor growth in a 4T1 syngeneic model with no observable toxicity. c-MYC/BCL2 ligand 1 iodide can be used for the research of breast cancer.
|
|
/
|
| HY-135389S | Desmethyl Levofloxacin-d8 hydrochloride |
Desmethyl Levofloxacin-d8 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Desmethyl Levofloxacin. Desmethyl Levofloxacin is a metabolite of Levofloxacin (HY-B0330). Levofloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase and prevents DNA replication.
|
|
/
|
| HY-P10230 | Sublancin |
Sublancin is an antimicrobial peptide, which inhibits DNA replication, transcription and translation, without affecting membrane integrity. Sublancin suppresses glucose uptake for the competition of phosphotransferase system (PTS). Sublancin inhibits B. subtilis strain 168 ΔSPβ with MIC of 0.312 μM.
|
|
/
|
| HY-168886 | Anticancer agent 263 |
Anticancer agent 263 (compound 7) is a potent anticancer agent. Anticancer agent 263 binds to the G-quadruplex DNA (G4) sequence 22-mer Pu22, a mimic of c-Myc DNA. Anticancer agent 263 is a structure modulator, showcasing a significant enhancement in protein α-helix formation and the capability to form supramolecular network. Anticancer agent 263 shows no cytotoxicity.
|
|
/
|
| HY-P10825 | p21PBP |
p21PBP, a 20 amino-acid peptide, is an inhibitor of DNA replication. p21PBP specifically binds to purified proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in tumour cell extracts. p21PBP is promising for research of cancers.
|
|
/
|
| HY-172902 | RNA binder 1 |
RNA binder 1 (Compound 4b) is a blood-brain permeable RNA binder. RNA binder 1 can selectively bind to the G-quadruplex structure of the G4C2 repeat sequence RNA of the C9orf72 gene. RNA binder 1 significantly reduces the levels of toxic polypeptides poly(GA) and poly(GP) produced by the G4C2 repeat sequence in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient-derived cells. RNA binder 1 has no significant effect on the antisense polypeptide poly(PR), showing selectivity for sense RNA. RNA binder 1 can be used in the study of ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
|
|
/
|
| HY-N16420 | Illudin B |
Illudin B is a DNA-targeting cytotoxin that forms interstrand DNA crosslinks via covalent binding, disrupting DNA replication and transcription. Illudin B induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, showing toxicity against multiple tumor cells (e.g., leukemia, breast, lung cancer).
Source: Basidiomycete Omphalotus nidiformis |
|
/
|
| HY-15794G | Nemorubicin (GMP) |
Nemorubicin (Methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin) GMP is a GMP-class Nemorubicin (HY-15794). Nemorubicin is a Doxorubicin derivative with potent antitumor activity. Nemorubicin is highly cytotoxic to a variety of tumor cell lines presenting a multidrug-resistant phenotype. Nemorubicin not only intercalate into the duplex DNA, but also result in significant ligands for G-quadruplex DNA segments, stabilizing their structure. Nemorubicin requirs an intact nucleotide excision repair (NER) system to exert its activity.
|
|
/
|
| HY-137697 | ddCTP |
ddCTP is a type of chain-terminating deoxynucleotide. ddCTP can be incorporated into the extension primer chain that lacks the 3'-hydroxyl group, thereby terminating primer extension, viral genome replication, and DNA synthesis. ddCTP can distinguish almost identical RNA through distinguishable extension products in primer extension inhibition experiments. ddCTP is the active metabolite of Zalcitabine (HY-17392), which can competitively inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase, terminate the synthesis of viral DNA chains, and thereby inhibit HIV replication.
|
|
/
|
| HY-17371S | Oxaliplatin-d10 |
Oxaliplatin-d10 is a deuterium labeled Oxaliplatin (HY-17371). Oxaliplatin is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. Oxaliplatin causes DNA crosslinking damage, prevents DNA replication and transcription and induces apoptosis. Oxaliplatin can be used for cancer research.
|
|
/
|
| HY-174384 | MET Transcription-IN-1 |
MET Transcription-IN-1 (Compound C3) is an orally active MET transcription inhibitor. MET Transcription-IN-1 can efficiently bind and stabilize the G-quadruplex in the MET promoter region, thereby inhibiting c-Met expression. MET Transcription-IN-1 can also overcome drug resistance caused by specific c-Met mutations. MET Transcription-IN-1 is capable of inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. MET Transcription-IN-1 has antitumor activity, and can be used in the research of tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer.
|
|
/
|
| HY-B0077S1 | Bendamustine-d8 hydrochloride |
Bendamustine-d8 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Bendamustine (hydrochloride). Bendamustine hydrochloride (SDX-105), a purine analogue, is a DNA cross-linking agent. Bendamustine hydrochloride activats DNA-damage stress response and apoptosis. Bendamustine hydrochloride has potent alkylating, anticancer and antimetabolite properties.
|
|
/
|
| HY-158126 | G-quadruplex ligand 2 |
G-quadruplex ligand 2 (compound A3) is a triphenylamine-based ligand that targets mitochondrial DNA G4s. G-quadruplex ligand 2 activates the cGAS-STING pathway. G-quadruplex ligand 2 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis via regulation of TME.
|
|
/
|
| HY-120750 | A 62176 hydrochloride |
A 62176 hydrochloride is a compound that targets DNA topoisomerase II and has the activity of inhibiting purine synthesis in cancer cells. A 62176 hydrochloride interferes with c-MYC mRNA expression by interacting with G-quadruplex. The main mechanism of action of A 62176 hydrochloride is by displacing nucleosomes from the quadruplex of non-template strand rDNA, resulting in rapid redistribution of nucleosomes. The application potential of A 62176 hydrochloride is that it causes DNA damage and relies on BRCA1/2-mediated homologous recombination and DNA-PK-mediated non-homologous end-joining pathways to repair the damage.
|
|
/
|
| HY-181599 | XAN-5 |
XAN-5 is a mitochondrial DNA G-quadruplex (mtG4) ligand with a Kd of 3.8 μM. XAN-5 selectively binds and stabilizes mtG4 structures, disrupting mitochondrial gene transcription and DNA replication. XAN-5 triggers mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS overproduction, G0 phase arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis. XAN-5 inhibits autophagy and induces immunogenic cell death. XAN-5 inhibits tumor growth in a mouse liver cancer model while enhancing tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. XAN-5 targets two cancer resistance mechanisms simultaneously. XAN-5 can be used for the research of liver cancer.
|
Mitochondrial Metabolism
DNA/RNA Synthesis
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Apoptosis
Autophagy
Caspase
Bcl-2 Family
Atg8/LC3
|
/
|
| HY-117479 | CL67 |
CL67 is a potent hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway inhibitor. CL67 interferes G-quadruplex structures within promoter sequences. CL67 can be used in research of renal cancer.
|
|
/
|
| HY-W110980 | 2-Aminoanthracene |
2-Aminoanthracene (Anthracen-2-amine) is a nitrogen substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. 2-Aminoanthracene is mutagenic and carcinogenic. 2-Aminoanthracene acts by intercalating into DNA, causing structural distortion and interfering with DNA replication and transcription.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N0488S2 | Vincristine-d6 sulfate |
Vincristine-d6 (sulfate) is the deuterium labeled Vincristine sulfate. Vincristine sulfate (Leurocristine; NSC-67574; 22-Oxovincaleukoblastine) is a microtubule inhibitor that disrupts microtubule polymerization by binding to β-tubulin (with a Ki of 85 nM in bovine), arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Vincristine sulfate inhibits cell replication, tumor blood flow and the proliferation of various cancer cells, while triggering effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium overload, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and peripheral neuropathic pain. Vincristine sulfate upregulates the expression of various transporters and nuclear receptors, and enriches gastric cancer stem-like cells. Vincristine sulfate is used in research related to various tumors including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, gastric cancer, solid tumors and sarcomas.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N1150S6 | Thymidine-d2 |
|
/
|
|
| HY-178909 | Y502-2304 |
Y502-2304 is a c-Myc G-quadruplex stabilizer. Y502-2304 exhibits potent antiproliferative activity in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Y502–2304 downregulates c-Myc mRNA and protein expression. Y502-2304 induces apoptosis in MM cells, characterizes by elevated γH2AX levels, increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Y502-2304 significantly inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft MM model. Y502-2304 can be used for the study of multiple myeloma.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N21920 | Dehydrotrametenonic acid |
Dehydrotrametenonic acid is a DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor with an IC50 of 37.5 μM. Dehydrotrametenonic acid inhibits DNA polymerase α and β with IC50 values of 45.5 and 86.5 μM, respectively. Dehydrotrametenonic acid does not intercalate into DNA and exhibits an inhibitory factor-like Topo II inhibition mechanism. Dehydrotrametenonic acid can be used in DNA replication, cell cycle, and cancer-related research.
Source: Poria cocos Wolf |
|
/
|
| HY-W766548 | Floxuridine-13C,15N2 |
Floxuridine-13C,15N2 (5-Fluorouracil 2'-deoxyriboside-13C,15N2) is the 13C- and 15N-labeled labeled Floxuridine (HY-B0097). Floxuridine (5-Fluorouracil 2'-deoxyriboside) is a pyrimidine analog and known as an oncology antimetabolite. Floxuridine inhibits Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase and induces DNA damage by activating the ATM and ATR checkpoint signaling pathways in vitro. Floxuridine is a extreamly potent inhibitor for S. aureus infection and induces cell apoptosis. Floxuridine has antiviral effects against HSV and CMV.
|
Isotope-Labeled Compounds
CMV
DNA/RNA Synthesis
Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
Bacterial
Apoptosis
HSV
|
/
|
| HY-N6954R | Garcinone C (Standard) |
Garcinone C (Standard) is the analytical standard of Garcinone C. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Garcinone C, a xanthone derivative, is a natural compound extracted from Garcinia oblongifolia that is used as an anti-inflammatory, astringency and granulation-promoting medicine, and has potential cytotoxic effects on certain cancers. Garcinone C stimulates the expression levels of ATR and 4E-BP1, arrests the cell cycle, inhibits cell viability of the human Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines CNE1, CNE2, HK1 and HONE1 in a time‑ and dose‑dependent manner through inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway. Garcinone C is orally active.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N21790 | Feldamycin |
Feldamycin is an antibacterial agent. Feldamycin inhibits highly purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, semi-conservative DNA replication, and the integration of 34S DNA fragments into larger DNA, and causes the accumulation of a 34S DNA species during replication. Feldamycin inhibits melanin synthesis and leukemia cell growth, and possesses antibacterial activity. Feldamycin can be used in research related to bacterial infections, leukemia, and melanoma.
|
|
/
|
| HY-181284 | BYBC-1 |
BYBC‑1 is a selective G4‑RNA‑targeting ligand with high affinity forKRAS and NRAS G4‑RNAs (Kd = 0.05-0.28 μM). BYBC‑1 stabilizes G4‑RNA structures in KRAS and NRAS mRNA, blocks thePI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways, activates the DNA damage response (DDR), suppresses energy metabolism, and induces S‑phase arrest and apoptosis. BYBC‑1 exhibits high selectivity over non‑malignant fibroblasts and significantly inhibits the growth of HCT‑116 xenograft tumors in vivo. BYBC‑1 can be used for the study of colorectal cancer.
|
|
/
|
| HY-D3415 | TOR-G4 |
TOR-G4 is a Fluorescent probe that binds to G-quadruplex (G4) nucleic acid structures. TOR-G4 exhibits a unique fluorescence lifetime when bound to G4 compared to other structures, enabling sensitive discrimination between G4-bound and non-G4-bound states. TOR-G4 mainly colocalizes with RNA in the cytoplasm and nucleolus. TOR-G4 can be used to investigate the roles of RNA G4 in cells. TOR-G4 shows cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma cells.
|
|
/
|
| HY-P11486 | NOTA-RHAU18 |
NOTA-RHAU18 is a conjugate of the chelator NOTA and the peptide RHAU18. NOTA-RHAU18 can be used to synthesize the radiolabeled peptide probe [18F]AlF-NOTA-RHAU18. [18F]AlF-NOTA-RHAU18 targets mitochondrial DNA G4. [18F]AlF-NOTA-RHAU18 can be used to visualize and detect solid tumors in homozygous mice. [18F]AlF-NOTA-RHAU18 can also be used in PET imaging studies.
|
|
/
|
| HY-P3894 | P34cdc2 Kinase Fragment |
P34cdc2 Kinase Fragment is associated with the completion of DNA replication in yeast mitosis. P34cdc2 Kinase can phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein 2 (MAP2) to regulate microtubules polymerization in Xenopus oocytes meiosis.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N0168AR | (Rac)-Hesperetin (Standard) |
(Rac)-Hesperetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of (Rac)-Hesperetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (Rac)-Hesperetin is the racemate of Hesperetin (HY-N0168), an orally active multi-target inhibitor. (Rac)-Hesperetin exhibits significant anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities by blocking the TGF-β1-mediated Fyn/RhoA signaling axis and the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB inflammatory pathway. (Rac)-Hesperetin inhibits the formation of actin stress fibers and the migration and invasion of cancer cells, and is suitable for triple-negative breast cancer research. In inflammation models, (Rac)-Hesperetin effectively alleviates lung injury by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and regulating the activity of oxidative stress enzymes, and is suitable for acute lung injury research. (Rac)-Hesperetin also interferes with the entry and early replication processes of channel catfish virus, inhibits viral gene expression and progeny virus production, thereby protecting cells from virus-induced cytopathic effects.
|
|
/
|
| HY-W040129R | Chromomycin A3 (Standard) |
Chromomycin A3 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chromomycin A3 (HY-W040129). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chromomycin A3 is an inhibitor that selectively binds to GC-rich DNA sequences. Chromomycin A3 targets the DNA minor groove after forming a dimer with Mg2+. Chromomycin A3 inhibits DNA replication and transcription, blocks the binding of Sp1 transcription factor to target gene promoters, downregulates the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as FLIP, Mcl-1, and XIAP, and induces S-phase cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in tumor cells. Chromomycin A3 can antagonize oxidative stress induced by glutathione depletion and neuronal apoptosis induced by Camptothecin (HY-15660). Chromomycin A3 can be used in basic research on malignant tumors such as cholangiocarcinoma, and is a potential chemosensitizer and GC-rich region probe.
|
|
/
|
| HY-175265 | PQ32 |
PQ32 is an antitumor agent that targets c-MYC Pu27 and KRAS G-quadruplexes. PQ32 inhibits tumor cell proliferation, arrests the cell cycle at the G2 phase, and induces apoptosis. PQ32 inhibits the expression of c-MYC and KRAS genes. PQ32 can inhibit tumor growth in mice and is used in the study of lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and other cancers.
|
|
/
|
| HY-135389S1 | Desmethyl Levofloxacin-d8 |
Desmethyl Levofloxacin-d8 is deuterium labeled Desmethyl Levofloxacin. Desmethyl Levofloxacin is a metabolite of Levofloxacin (HY-B0330). Levofloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase and prevents DNA replication.
|
|
/
|
| HY-13567S1 | Bendamustine-d8 |
Bendamustine-d8 is the deuterium labeled Bendamustine. Bendamustine (SDX-105 free base), a purine analogue, is a DNA cross-linking agent. Bendamustine activates DNA-damage stress response and apoptosis. Bendamustine has potent alkylating, anticancer and antimetabolite properties.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N21644 | Euphominoid E |
Euphominoid E is an ent-rosane diterpenoid found in the stems of Euphorbia neriifolia and the aerial parts of Euphorbia milii, acting as an inhibitor of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA lytic replication. Euphominoid E blocks EBV lytic replication. Euphominoid E can be used for research on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N7046R | Silybin B (Standard) |
Silybin (Silibinin B) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Silybin B (HY-N7046). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Silybin B (Silibinin B) is an orally active amyloid-β aggregation inhibitor and ATR pathway activator, that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Silybin B inhibits Aβ fibril formation and promotes amorphous aggregate formation, while activating the ATR-mediated DNA damage repair pathway and inhibiting JNK/p38 MAPK signaling. Silybin B can reduce Cisplatin (HY-17394)-induced neuronal DNA damage and apoptosis. Silybin B has anti-oxidative stress, cell cycle regulation and neuroprotective activities. Silybin B is mainly used in the study of Alzheimer's disease and Cisplatin chemotherapy-related neurotoxicity.
|
|
/
|
| HY-P11137 | LANA |
LANA is a KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen. The core function of LANA is to act as an "anchor" for the viral genome, attaching it to the chromatin of the host cell. LANA ensures that the episomal DNA of KSHV replicates together with the host chromosome and is evenly distributed among the daughter cells, thereby maintaining the latent infection of the virus in the cell population. LANA can regulate the transcription of viral and host cell genes, and regulate certain host cell genes to promote cell survival. LANA can be used to study the viral DNA tethering structure.
|
|
/
|
| HY-151471 | Anticancer agent 84 |
Anticancer agent 84 is an anticancer agent. Anticancer agent 84 represses the transcription of c-MYC by stabilizing the G-quadruplex (G4) structure. Anticancer agent 84 can be used for the research of cancer.
|
|
/
|
| HY-177872 | GQC-05 |
|
/
|
|
| HY-182029 | G-quadruplex ligand 5 |
G-quadruplex ligand 5 is a G-quadruplex (G4) ligand. G-quadruplex ligand 5 selectively stabilizes cancer-associated G4 oligonucleotides and shows cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. G-quadruplex ligand 5 can be used for the research of cancer.
|
|
/
|
| HY-D2380 | H2S probe 1 |
H2S probe 1 (compound 1NND) is a derivative of nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) with antitumor activity. H2S probe 1 is cytotoxic to human pancreatic cancer cell MIA PaCa-2 (IC50=77.9 nM) and has a high affinity for human telomeric G-quadruplex (G4) (Kd=1.72 μM). H2S probe 1 can be used in cancer research.
|
|
/
|
| HY-W749442 | 7a-Hydroxyfrullanolide |
7a-Hydroxyfrullanolide has anticancer properties. 7a-Hydroxyfrullanolide reduces polymerization of α-, β-tubulin. 7a-Hydroxyfrullanolide preferrs to bind to β-tubulin over α-tubulin. 7a-Hydroxyfrullanolide also triggers DNA damage response arrests cells in the G2/M-phase. 7a-Hydroxyfrullanolide is an eudesmanolide sesquiterpene lactone (SL) and can be isolated from the flowering plants of the Asteraceae family.
|
|
/
|
| HY-W738282 | Bendamustine-d7 hydrochloride |
Bendamustine-d7 hydrochloride (SDX-105-d7) is the deuterium labeled Bendamustine hydrochloride (HY-B0077). Bendamustine hydrochloride (SDX-105), a purine analogue, is a DNA cross-linking agent. Bendamustine hydrochloride activats DNA-damage stress response and apoptosis. Bendamustine hydrochloride has potent alkylating, anticancer and antimetabolite properties.
|
|
/
|
| HY-121917 | Ro 31-7837 |
APTO-253 (LOR-253) hydrochloride is a small molecule that inhibits c-Myc expression, stabilizes G-quadruplex DNA, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. APTO-253 hydrochloride mediates anticancer activity via induction of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) tumor suppressor. APTO-253 hydrochloride exhibits antiarthritic activity.
|
|
/
|
| HY-P11398 | Tachyplesin II |
Tachyplesin II is a broad-spectrum cationic antimicrobial peptide. Tachyplesin II has significant inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and some fungi. Tachyplesin II binds to bacterial membrane lipopolysaccharides through its positive charge, disrupting membrane integrity and causing leakage of cellular contents. Tachyplesin II can bind to DNA grooves, inhibiting microbial replication, and also suppressing HIV-1 replication and the proliferation of liver cancer cells.
|
|
/
|
| HY-162688 | Anticancer agent 239 |
Anticancer agent 239 (Compound 5) is a ligand of hTERT promoter G-quadruplex DNA structures (hTERT G4) (Kd = 1.1 μM), and downregulates hTERT expression. Anticancer agent 239 decreases telomerase activity, shortens telomere length, and induces DNA damage, acute cellular senescence, and apoptosis. Anticancer agent 239 causes mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupts iron metabolism and activates ferroptosis in cancer cells. Anticancer agent 239 inhibits tumor growth in MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse model.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N14130 | Cyclothialidine B |
Cyclothialidine B inhibits escherichia coli DNA helicases with an IC50 of 0.7 μM.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N14131 | Cyclothialidine D |
Cyclothialidine D inhibits escherichia coli DNA helicases with an IC50 of 0.7 μM.
|
|
/
|
| HY-B0255R | Adefovir dipivoxil (Standard) |
Adefovir dipivoxil (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adefovir dipivoxil. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adefovir dipivoxil is an orally active adenosine analog and Adefovir prodrug. Adefovir dipivoxil inhibits DNA synthesis, activates the ATR signaling pathway, and disrupts the KCTD12-CDK1 interaction. Adefovir dipivoxil has antiviral activity against PRV, HBV, and orthopoxviruses. Adefovir dipivoxil has inhibitory effects on both lamivudine-resistant and wild-type strains. Adefovir dipivoxil has antitumor activity against lung and colon cancer.
|
|
/
|
| HY-136648 | 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate |
2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (dATP) is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
|
|
/
|
| HY-B1422R | 9-Aminoacridine (Standard) |
9-Aminoacridine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 9-Aminoacridine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 9-Aminoacridine, a fluorescent probe, acts as an indicator of pH for quantitative determination of transmembrane pH gradients (inside acidic). 9-Aminoacridine is an antimicrobial. 9-Aminoacridine exerts its antimicrobial activity by interacting with specific bacterial DNA and disrupting the proton motive force in K. pneumoniae. 9-Aminoacridine is a HIV-1 inhibitor and inhibits HIV LTR transcription highly dependent on the presence and location of the amino moiety. 9-Aminoacridine inhibits virus replication in HIV-1 infected cell lines. 9-Aminoacridine is used as a Rifampin (RIF; HY-B0272) adjuvant for the multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae infections.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N18301 | Americanin A |
Americanin A is a Neolignan. Americanin A can be isolated from the seeds of Phytolacca americana. Americanin A activates ATM and ATR, initiating the subsequent signal transduction cascades that include Chk1, Chk2, and tumor suppressor p53. Americanin A targets selectively Skp2 for degradation and thereby stabilizes p27. Americanin A suppresses the activity of Cyclin B1 and its partner cdc2 to prevent entry into Mitosis. Americanin A induces Apoptosis by producing excessive ROS. Americanin A has anti-cancer activity against colorectal cancer.
|
ATM/ATR
Checkpoint Kinase (Chk)
MDM-2/p53
E1/E2/E3 Enzyme
CDK
Mitosis
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Apoptosis
|
/
|
| HY-N3911 | Fupenzic acid |
Fupenzic acid is a triterpenoid compound that can be found in the fruits of plants in the genus Rubus. Fupenzic acid inhibits LPS (HY-D1056)-induced NF-κB activation and reduces the expression of NO, NOS-2, COX-2, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Fupenzic acid binds to RBMS1, downregulates RBMS1/cGAS/STING signaling, enhances PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, and alleviates oxidative stress and radiation-induced liver fibrosis. Fupenzic acid exhibits cytotoxic activity against various tumor cells and can inhibit melanin production. Fupenzic acid has inactivation, protective, and replication-inhibitory activities against TMV and CMV. Fupenzic acid can be used in research related to liver fibrosis, malignant glioma, colon cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, TMV, and CMV infection.
|
Colorectal Cancer
Gastric Cancer
Liver Cancer
Glioma
Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection
Hepatic Fibrosis
|
/
|
| HY-N14132 | Cyclothialidine E |
Cyclothialidine E inhibits escherichia coli DNA helicases with an IC50 of 0.7 μM.
|
|
/
|
| HY-101931R | hVEGF-IN-1 (Standard) |
hVEGF-IN-1 (Standard) is the analytical standard of hVEGF-IN-1 (HY-101931). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. hVEGF-IN-1, a quinazoline derivative, could specifically bind to the G-rich sequence in the internal ribosome entry site A (IRES-A) and destabilize the G-quadruplex structure. hVEGF-IN-1 binds to the IRES-A (WT) with a Kd of 0.928 μM in SPR experiments. hVEGF-IN-1 could hinder tumor cells migration and repress tumor growth by decreasing VEGF-A protein expression.
|
|
/
|
| HY-181713 | Antibiofilm agent-19 |
Antibiofilm agent-19 is an antibiofilm agent with iron-chelating activity. Antibiofilm agent-19 potently inhibits biofilm formation by wild-type PAO1 and the hyper-biofilm mutant strain PAO1-ΔwspF. Antibiofilm agent-19 promotes the formation of c-di-GMP G-quadruplexes and disrupts iron acquisition systems. It can be used in studies on antibacterial adjuvants.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N1461R | Dihydrodaidzein (Standard) |
Dihydrodaidzein (Standard) ((±)-Dihydrodaidzein (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Dihydrodaidzein (HY-N1461). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dihydrodaidzein is a dietary phytoestrogen. Dihydrodaidzein possesses functions including antioxidation, inhibition of DNA oxidative damage, regulation of lipid metabolism and maintenance of intestinal flora stability. Dihydrodaidzein induces apoptosis, regulates immune responses, modulates tumor-related factors, activates the Bmp-2 signaling pathway, inhibits NF-κB and MAPK, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. Dihydrodaidzein can be used in research related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and inflammatory diseases.
|
|
/
|
| HY-129234 | Mazethramycin |
Mazethramycin is an antitumor antibiotic that exerts its antitumor effect by interfering with cellular DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Mazethramycin can be used in cancer research.
Source: Streptomyces thioluteus |
|
/
|
| HY-N7046S | Silybin B-d3 |
Silybin B-d3 (Silibinin B-d3) is a deuterated Silybin B (HY-N7046). Silybin B (Silibinin B) is an orally active amyloid-β aggregation inhibitor and ATR pathway activator, that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Silybin B inhibits Aβ fibril formation and promotes amorphous aggregate formation, while activating the ATR-mediated DNA damage repair pathway and inhibiting JNK/p38 MAPK signaling. Silybin B can reduce Cisplatin (HY-17394)-induced neuronal DNA damage and apoptosis. Silybin B has anti-oxidative stress, cell cycle regulation and neuroprotective activities. Silybin B is mainly used in the study of Alzheimer's disease and Cisplatin chemotherapy-related neurotoxicity.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N15345 | Menominin A |
Menominin A is a cyclic peptide identified from the freshwater sponge-associated cyanobacterium Nostoc sp., exhibiting cytotoxic properties. It displays antiproliferative activity against the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR3, with an IC50 value of 3.1 μM. Menominin A holds promise for research in the field of anticancer therapeutics.
Source: Freshwater Sponge-Associated Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. UIC 10607 |
|
/
|
| HY-N0168AS1 | (Rac)-Hesperetin-13C,d3 |
(Rac)-Hesperetin-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled (Rac)-Hesperetin. (Rac)-Hesperetin is the racemate of Hesperetin (HY-N0168), an orally active multi-target inhibitor. (Rac)-Hesperetin exhibits significant anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities by blocking the TGF-β1-mediated Fyn/RhoA signaling axis and the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB inflammatory pathway. (Rac)-Hesperetin inhibits the formation of actin stress fibers and the migration and invasion of cancer cells, and is suitable for triple-negative breast cancer research. In inflammation models, (Rac)-Hesperetin effectively alleviates lung injury by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and regulating the activity of oxidative stress enzymes, and is suitable for acute lung injury research. (Rac)-Hesperetin also interferes with the entry and early replication processes of channel catfish virus, inhibits viral gene expression and progeny virus production, thereby protecting cells from virus-induced cytopathic effects.
|
|
/
|
| HY-101931 | hVEGF-IN-1 |
hVEGF-IN-1, a quinazoline derivative, could specifically bind to the G-rich sequence in the internal ribosome entry site A (IRES-A) and destabilize the G-quadruplex structure. hVEGF-IN-1 binds to the IRES-A (WT) with a Kd of 0.928 μM in SPR experiments. hVEGF-IN-1 could hinder tumor cells migration and repress tumor growth by decreasing VEGF-A protein expression.
|
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Liver Cancer
Leukemia/Lymphoma/Myeloma
Pancreatic Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Lung Fibrosis
|
/
|
| HY-N0488S1 | Vincristine-d3-1 sulfate |
Vincristine-d3 sulfate is the deuterium labeled Vincristine sulfate. Vincristine-1 sulfate (Leurocristine; NSC-67574; 22-Oxovincaleukoblastine) is a microtubule inhibitor that disrupts microtubule polymerization by binding to β-tubulin (with a Ki of 85 nM in bovine), arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Vincristine-1 sulfate inhibits cell replication, tumor blood flow and the proliferation of various cancer cells, while triggering effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium overload, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and peripheral neuropathic pain. Vincristine-1 sulfate upregulates the expression of various transporters and nuclear receptors, and enriches gastric cancer stem-like cells. Vincristine-1 sulfate is used in research related to various tumors including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, gastric cancer, solid tumors and sarcomas.
|
|
/
|
| HY-17393S | Carboplatin-d4 |
Carboplatin-d4 is the deuterium labeled Carboplatin. Carboplatin (NSC 241240) is a DNA synthesis inhibitor which binds to DNA, inhibits replication and transcription and induces cell death. Carboplatin (NSC 241240) is a derivative of CDDP and a potent anti-cancer agent.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N1150S2 | Thymidine-13C |
|
/
|
|
| HY-W013159S | 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate-13C10,15N5 disodium |
2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate-13C10,15N5 (dGMP-13C10,15N5) disodium is the 13C and 15N labeled 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium (HY-W013159). 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate (5′-dGMP) disodium is a mononucleotide having guanine as the nucleobase. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is a reactant involved in analysis of self-assembling in solution and nucleation/growth of G-qudruplexes, nucleophilic trapping and reductive alkylation. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can be used as an oxidizable target. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is a nucleic acid guanosine triphosphate (GTP) derivative and is a nucleotide precursor used in DNA synthesis.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N0488R | Vincristine sulfate (Standard) |
Vincristine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vincristine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vincristine sulfate (Leurocristine; NSC-67574; 22-Oxovincaleukoblastine) is a microtubule inhibitor that disrupts microtubule polymerization by binding to β-tubulin (with a Ki of 85 nM in bovine), arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Vincristine sulfate inhibits cell replication, tumor blood flow and the proliferation of various cancer cells, while triggering effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium overload, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and peripheral neuropathic pain. Vincristine sulfate upregulates the expression of various transporters and nuclear receptors, and enriches gastric cancer stem-like cells. Vincristine sulfate is used in research related to various tumors including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, gastric cancer, solid tumors and sarcomas.
|
|
/
|
| HY-161693 | Telomeric G4s ligand 1 |
Telomeric G4s ligand 1 is a telomeric G-quadruplex ligand that stabilizes telomeric G4 and induces R-loop formation, leading to DNA damage responses. Telomeric G4s ligand 1 induces apoptosis and evokes immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N0488S | Vincristine-d3 sulfate |
Vincristine-d3 sulfate is the deuterium labeled Vincristine sulfate. Vincristine sulfate (Leurocristine; NSC-67574; 22-Oxovincaleukoblastine) is a microtubule inhibitor that disrupts microtubule polymerization by binding to β-tubulin (with a Ki of 85 nM in bovine), arrests the cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Vincristine sulfate inhibits cell replication, tumor blood flow and the proliferation of various cancer cells, while triggering effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium overload, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and peripheral neuropathic pain. Vincristine sulfate upregulates the expression of various transporters and nuclear receptors, and enriches gastric cancer stem-like cells. Vincristine sulfate is used in research related to various tumors including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, gastric cancer, solid tumors and sarcomas.
|
|
/
|
| HY-W008661A | Deoxyguanosine triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade |
Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade is one of the raw materials used by DNA polymerases to synthesize long DNA strands during DNA replication. Deoxyguanosine triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade is used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for DNA amplification. This product is supplied in the form of an aqueous solution.
|
|
/
|
| HY-W394106 | 5-Hydroxymethyl uridine |
|
/
|
|
| HY-N1150S1 | Thymidine-d4 |
|
/
|
|
| HY-136648B | 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade |
2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (dATP) trisodium, 100 mM Solution, PCR Gradeis one of the raw materials used by DNA polymerase to synthesize long DNA strands during DNA replication. 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade is used in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for DNA amplification. This product is supplied in the form of an aqueous solution.
|
|
/
|
| HY-116887R | N6-Methyladenine (Standard) |
N6-Methyladenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of N6-Methyladenine (HY-116887). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. N6-Methyladenine is a modified purine that is widely present in prokaryotes. In prokaryotes, N6-Methyladenine plays an important role in distinguishing host DNA from exogenous DNA and controls many biological functions, such as DNA replication, transcription, mismatch repair, and chromosome replication. N6-Methyladenine can be used for the kidney diseases.
|
|
/
|
| HY-148953 | MTR-106 |
MTR-106 is a potent and orally active G-quadruplex stabilizer and RNA polymerase I inhibitor. MTR-106 induces apoptosis and inhibits cell growth. MTR-106 can be used in research of cancer.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N1150S8 | Thymidine-13C10,15N2 |
|
/
|
|
| HY-118921 | Ovatodiolide |
|
/
|
|
| HY-W543137 | PT-ttpy |
Pt-ttpy, a metallo-organic complex and potent G-quadruplex ligand, effectively triggers substantial telomere-related DNA damage in cancer cells by inhibiting telomerase and/or telomere functions, while also causing various chromatin abnormalities during mitosis, such as chromatin bridges, ultrafine bridges (UFBs), and double-stranded breaks (DSBs).
|
|
/
|
| HY-144712 | L5-DA |
L5-DA is a G-quadruplex (G4) ligand and selectively stabilized for G4s over ds26. L5-DA exhibits significant cytotoxicity against HeLa cells (IC50=4.3 μM). L5-DA stabilizes G4s in HeLa cells, induces apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N6911A | 18α-Licorice-saponin H2 |
18α-Glycyrrhizic acid (18α-GA; Isoglycyrrhizinic acid; 18α-Glycyrrhizic acid) is a derivative of glycyrrhizic acid with oral activity. 18α-Glycyrrhizic acid exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective activities. 18α-Glycyrrhizic acid protects against ethanol-induced alcoholic liver disease in rats by upregulating the expression levels of SOD, GSH, PPAR-α and CPT-1. 18α-Glycyrrhizic acid shows cytotoxicity against T lymphocytes and inhibits HIV-1 replication in these cells. 18α-Glycyrrhizic acid alleviates oxidative stress by reducing the levels of ROS, Nrf2, HO-1 and p-P65, and alleviates pyroptosis by downregulating the expression levels of NLRP3, GSDMD-N, P20 and c-IL-1β. 18α-Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits autophagy, colonic fibrosis and myocardial fibrosis, and regulates intestinal barrier integrity. 18α-Glycyrrhizic acid can be used in research related to alcoholic liver disease, HIV-1 infection, hepatotoxicity, acute liver failure, inflammatory bowel disease and myocardial fibrosis.
|
SOD
PPAR
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT)
HIV
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Keap1-Nrf2
Heme Oxygenase (HO)
NOD-like Receptor (NLR)
Interleukin Related
Pyroptosis
Autophagy
NF-κB
TNF Receptor
|
/
|
| HY-W004769 | Benzo[h]quinoline |
Benzo[h]quinolone is a widespread environmental pollutant. Benzo[h]quinolone is mutagenic. Benzo(h)quinoline derivatives can serve as G-quadruplex binding agents.
|
|
/
|
| HY-156228 | RGB-1 |
RGB-1 selectively binds to and stabilizes RNA G-quadruplex structures, and reduces the expression of the NRAS proto-oncogene in breast cancer cells. RGB-1 can serve as a tool for investigating the cellular functions of RNA G-quadruplex structures and identifying novel mRNA G-quadruplex-forming sequences. RGB-1 is applicable for breast cancer research.
|
|
/
|
| HY-DY1075 | N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX (solution) |
N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX (NMM) (solution) , a widely used G-quadruplex DNA specific fluorescent binder, is an efficient probe for monitoring Aβ fibrillation. N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX is an in situ inhibitor and an ex situ monitor for Aβ amyloidogenesis both in vitro and in cells. N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX is sensitive to G-quadruplexes DNA but has no response to duplexes, triplexes and single-stranded forms DNA. N-Methylmesoporphyrin IX is nonfluorescent alone or in monomeric Aβ environments, but emits strong fluorescence through stacking with the Aβ assemblies.
Solvent and concentration: DMSO: 2 mM |
|
/
|
| HY-N8533 | Sodium Camptothecin |
Sodium Camptothecin is a plant alkaloid, with antitumor activity. Sodium Camptothecin is a reversible inhibitor of RNA synthesis. Sodium Camptothecin is an effective inhibitor of adenovirus replication. Sodium Camptothecin inhibits DNA synthesis and causes breaks in intracellular preformed viral DNA.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N1150S | Thymidine-d3 |
|
/
|
|
| HY-135009 | 2-Di-1-ASP |
2-Di-1-ASP (DASPI; Compound 18a) is a mono-stryryl dye, and widely used as mitochondrial stain and groove-binding fluorescent probes for double-stranded DNA. 2-Di-1-ASP is selective for G-quadruplex (G4) and double-stranded DNA.
|
|
/
|
| HY-116887 | N6-Methyladenine |
N6-Methyladenine is a DNA epigenetic modification that involves the addition of a methyl group to the sixth position of adenine. N6-Methyladenine plays an important role in distinguishing host DNA from exogenous DNA and controls many biological functions, such as DNA replication, transcription, mismatch repair, and chromosome replication. N6-Methyladenine can be used for the kidney diseases.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N9487 | (R)-(-)-α-Phellandrene |
(R)-(-)-α-Phellandrene ((-)-α-Phellandrene) is an the (R)-(-)-stereoisomer of α-phellandrene. α-phellandrene is an orally active cyclic monoterpene that attenuates inflammatory response, and induces DNA damage.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N7046 | Silybin B |
Silybin B (Silibinin B) is an orally active amyloid-β aggregation inhibitor and ATR pathway activator that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Silybin B inhibits Aβ fibril formation and promotes amorphous aggregate formation, while activating the ATR-mediated DNA damage repair pathway and inhibiting JNK/p38 MAPK signaling. Silybin B can reduce Cisplatin (HY-17394)-induced neuronal DNA damage and apoptosis. Silybin B has anti-oxidative stress, cell cycle regulation and neuroprotective activities. Silybin B is mainly used in the study of Alzheimer's disease and Cisplatin chemotherapy-related neurotoxicity.
|
|
/
|
| HY-N0168A | (Rac)-Hesperetin |
(Rac)-Hesperetin is the racemate of Hesperetin (HY-N0168), an orally active multi-target inhibitor. (Rac)-Hesperetin exhibits significant anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities by blocking the TGF-β1-mediated Fyn/RhoA signaling axis and the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB inflammatory pathway. (Rac)-Hesperetin inhibits the formation of actin stress fibers and the migration and invasion of cancer cells, and is suitable for triple-negative breast cancer research. In inflammation models, (Rac)-Hesperetin effectively alleviates lung injury by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and regulating the activity of oxidative stress enzymes, and is suitable for acute lung injury research. (Rac)-Hesperetin also interferes with the entry and early replication processes of channel catfish virus, inhibits viral gene expression and progeny virus production, thereby protecting cells from virus-induced cytopathic effects.
|
|
/
|
| HY-136648A | 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium |
2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (dATP) trisodium is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase. 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate is promising for research of genetic immunodeficiency diseases adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleotide phosphorylase deficiency .
|
|
/
|
| HY-164421 | PhpC |
PhpC is a G-quadruplex (G4)-DNA/RNA disruptor. PhpC disrupts DNA and RNA G4 structures and promotes G4 helicase activity. PhpC effectively enhancing the activity of Taq polymerase. PhpC modulates G-quadruplexs (G4s) both in vitro and in cells.
|
|
/
|
| HY-P702856 | G3BP1 Protein, Human (466a.a, His) |
G3BP1 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived G3BP1, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag.
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P72296 | DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli |
DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli encodes an 82-kDa protein with both ATPase and helicase activities. DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli unwinds DNA duplexes with 3' to 5' polarity with respect to the bound strand and initiates unwinding most effectively when a single-stranded region is present. DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli is involved in methyl-directed mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair of DNA DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli is the recombinant E. coli-derived DNA helicase II/uvrD protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free.
Species: E.coli; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P70212 | GADD45B Protein, Human (His) |
GADD45B Protein, a pivotal mediator, regulates growth and apoptosis by activating the MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK signaling pathway. Interacting with GADD45GIP1, it forms a complex that modulates cellular responses under stress. Its central role in growth and apoptosis underscores its significance in orchestrating cellular processes, positioning GADD45B as a key player in the intricate network of signaling pathways governing cell fate decisions. GADD45B Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived GADD45B protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His labeled tag.
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P705531 | RPA1 Protein, Human (His-SUMO) |
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P705526 | GADD34/PPP1R15A Protein, Human (His) |
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P71489 | RecF/UvrF Protein, E.coli (His-SUMO) |
RecF/UvrF Protein is crucial in DNA metabolism, essential for DNA replication and inducing the SOS response. Its preference for binding to single-stranded DNA underscores its role in DNA maintenance. RecF also displays an affinity for ATP binding, emphasizing its involvement in regulating DNA-related functions. RecF/UvrF Protein, E.coli (His-SUMO) is the recombinant E. coli-derived RecF/UvrF protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-SUMO, N-6*His labeled tag.
Species: E.coli; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P71588 | CHD1L Protein, Human (His-SUMO) |
CHD1L protein is the ATP-binding subunit of the mitochondrial potassium channel and cooperates with CCDC51/MITOK to form a complex to promote ATP-dependent potassium current across the inner membrane (mitoK(ATP) channel). ABCB8 is essential for mitochondrial iron transport, affects cardiac function, and regulates the maturation of cytosolic iron-sulfur-containing enzymes. CHD1L Protein, Human (His-SUMO) is the recombinant human-derived CHD1L protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-His, N-SUMO labeled tag.
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P72105 | BLM Protein, Mouse (His-Myc) |
BLM is an ATP-dependent DNA helicase that can unwind single- and double-stranded DNA in the 3'-5' direction and actively participates in the DNA replication and repair process. Notably, BLM plays a critical role in 5' end resection during double-strand break repair, recruiting DNA2 to cleave 5'-ssDNA. BLM Protein, Mouse (His-Myc) is the recombinant mouse-derived BLM protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-10*His, C-Myc labeled tag.
Species: Mouse; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P701849 | GMNN Protein, Human |
GMNN proteins are important inhibitors of DNA replication and prevent the incorporation of MCM complexes into prereplication complexes. During mitosis, GMNN undergoes degradation, enabling replication in subsequent cell cycles. GMNN Protein, Human is the recombinant human-derived GMNN protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free.
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P701850 | GMNN Protein, Human (His, StrepⅡ) |
GMNN proteins are important inhibitors of DNA replication and prevent the incorporation of MCM complexes into prereplication complexes. During mitosis, GMNN undergoes degradation, enabling replication in subsequent cell cycles. GMNN Protein, Human (His, Strep) is the recombinant human-derived GMNN protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-Strep, N-6*His labeled tag.
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P703111 | DHX9 Protein, Human (His) |
DHX9 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived DHX9, expressed by E. coli , with His labeled tag.
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P703265 | RECQ4 Protein, Human (sf9, His, StrepⅡ) |
RECQ4 Protein, Human (sf9, His, Strep) is the recombinant human-derived RECQ4, expressed by sf9 insect cells , with Strep, His labeled tag. ,
Species: Human; Source: Sf9 insect cells |
|
/
|
| HY-P705681 | DHX9 Protein, Human (516a.a, His) |
DHX9 Protein, Human (516 a.a, His) is the recombinant human-derived DHX9, expressed by E. coli , with His labeled tag.
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P706410 | DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli (His) |
DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli encodes an 82-kDa protein with both ATPase and helicase activities. DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli unwinds DNA duplexes with 3' to 5' polarity with respect to the bound strand and initiates unwinding most effectively when a single-stranded region is present. DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli (His) is involved in methyl-directed mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair of DNA DNA helicase II/uvrD Protein, E.coli is the recombinant E. coli-derived DNA helicase II/uvrD protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His tag.
Species: E.coli; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P704738 | WRN Protein, Human (His) |
WRN Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived WRN protein, expressed by E. coli, with N-His tag.
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P706398 | RPA1 Protein, Human (His) |
Species: Human; Source: E. coli |
|
/
|
| HY-P84212 | MCM3 Antibody (YA3909) |
MCM3 Antibody (YA3909) is a Mouse-derived and non-conjugated IgG1 monoclonal antibody, targeting to MCM3.
Host: Mouse; Reactivity: Human, Rat, Monkey |
|
/
|
| HY-P82316 | BACH1 Antibody (YA2061) |
BACH1 Antibody (YA2061) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to BACH1.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human |
|
/
|
| HY-P87221 | GADD45B Antibody (YA6909) |
GADD45B Antibody (YA6909) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to GADD45B.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat |
|
/
|
| HY-P82963 | MCM4 Antibody (YA2708) |
MCM4 Antibody (YA2708) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to MCM4.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human, Mouse |
|
/
|
| HY-P88107 | PPP1R15A (GADD34) Antibody (YA7791) |
PPP1R15A (GADD34) Antibody (YA7791) is a Mouse-derived and non-conjugated IgG2b monoclonal antibody, targeting to PPP1R15A (GADD34).
Host: Mouse; Reactivity: Human, Dog, Rat, Monkey, Mouse |
|
/
|
| HY-P87954 | MCM6 Antibody (YA7639) |
MCM6 Antibody (YA7639) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to MCM6.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat |
|
/
|
| HY-P80884A | RPA70 Antibody (YA678)(PBS only) |
RPA70 Antibody (YA678) is a Mouse-derived and non-conjugated IgG2a monoclonal antibody, targeting to RPA70.
Host: Mouse; Reactivity: Human, Monkey, Mouse, Rat |
|
/
|
| HY-P81401 | MCM6 Antibody (YA1146) |
MCM6 Antibody (YA1146) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to MCM6.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human |
|
/
|
| HY-P88107A | PPP1R15A (GADD34) Antibody (YA7791)(PBS only) |
PPP1R15A (GADD34) Antibody (YA7791) is a Mouse-derived and non-conjugated IgG2b monoclonal antibody, targeting to PPP1R15A (GADD34).
Host: Mouse; Reactivity: Human |
|
/
|
| HY-P810510 | MCM4 Antibody |
MCM4 Antibody is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG polyclonal antibody, targeting to MCM4.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human, Mouse |
|
/
|
| HY-P811624 | DNA helicase HEL308 Antibody |
DNA helicase HEL308 Antibody is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG polyclonal antibody, targeting to DNA helicase HEL308.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat |
|
/
|
| HY-P811744 | CHD5 Antibody (YA10215) |
CHD5 Antibody (YA10215) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG recombinant monoclonal antibody, targeting to CHD5.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat |
|
/
|
| HY-P811896 | RECQL Antibody(YA10367) |
RECQL Antibody(YA10367) is a Mouse-derived and non-conjugated IgG multiclonal antibody, targeting to RECQL.
Host: Mouse; Reactivity: Human |
|
/
|
| HY-P811896A | RECQL Antibody(YA10367) (PBS only) |
RECQL Antibody(YA10367) is a Mouse-derived and non-conjugated IgG multiclonal antibody, targeting to RECQL.
Host: Mouse; Reactivity: Human |
|
/
|
| HY-P812056 | BLM Antibody |
BLM Antibody is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG polyclonal antibody, targeting to BLM.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat |
|
/
|
| HY-P81392 | MCM3 Antibody (YA1137) |
MCM3 Antibody (YA1137) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to MCM3.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human |
|
/
|
| HY-P81401A | MCM6 Antibody (YA1146)(PBS only) |
MCM6 Antibody (YA1146) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to MCM6.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human |
|
/
|
| HY-P82125 | RNA Helicase A Antibody (YA1870) |
RNA Helicase A Antibody (YA1870) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to RNA Helicase A.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Rat |
|
/
|
| HY-P82125A | RNA Helicase A Antibody (YA1870)(PBS only) |
RNA Helicase A Antibody (YA1870) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to RNA Helicase A.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Rat |
|
/
|
| HY-P85588 | RPA70 Antibody (YA5280) |
RPA70 Antibody (YA5280) is a Mouse-derived and non-conjugated monoclonal antibody, targeting to RPA70.
Host: Mouse; Reactivity: Human, Monkey, Mouse, Rat |
|
/
|
| HY-P87198 | DDIT4 Antibody (YA6886) |
DDIT4 Antibody (YA6886) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to DDIT4.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human |
|
/
|
| HY-P87359 | CHD1 Antibody (YA7042) |
CHD1 Antibody (YA7042) is a Mouse-derived and non-conjugated IgG1 monoclonal antibody, targeting to CHD1.
Host: Mouse; Reactivity: Human, Mouse |
|
/
|
| HY-P87605 | DDX9 Antibody (YA7289) |
DDX9 Antibody (YA7289) is a Rabbit-derived and non-conjugated IgG monoclonal antibody, targeting to DDX9.
Host: Rabbit; Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat |
|
/
|
Targets/Pathways
























































