Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Tocilizumab (Anti-Human IL6R, Humanized Antibody) is an anti-human interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) neutralizing antibody, prevents binding of IL-6 to the IL-6R, thereby inhibiting both classic and trans-signaling. Tocilizumab (Anti-Human IL6R, Humanized Antibody) can be used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Tocilizumab is remarkablely effective for the study of severe COVID-19 (coronavirus disease).

Edaravone is a strong novel free radical scavenger, and inhibits MMP-9-related brain hemorrhage in rats treated with tissue plasminogen activator.

Tofersen (BIIB067) is an antisense oligonucleotide and SOD1 mRNA inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 320 pM. Tofersen mediates RNase H-dependent degradation of SOD1 mRNA to reduce SOD1 protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Tofersen downregulates cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain, neurofilament heavy chain, amyloid-beta 1-40, amyloid-beta 1-42, neuropeptide Y, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, neuropentraxins 1, 2, R, corticotropin-releasing hormone, IL-15, and serum neurofilament light chain, neurofilament heavy chain. Tofersen can be used for the research of superoxide dismutase 1-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Basiliximab (CHI 621) is a recombinant chimeric murine/human IgG1 monoclonal anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody. Basiliximab can be used for the research of renal transplantation.

Methyl pyruvate is a p53/p21 axis inhibitor, intrinsic apoptosis inhibitor, cytotoxic agent, ATP production enhancer, proteasome function restorer, TDP-43 localization normalizer, ATP-sensitive potassium (K⁺_ATP) channel inhibitor, depolarizer, and insulin secretagogue.Methyl pyruvate turns off apoptotic pathways, induces cancer cell death, acts as a substrate for dimeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, enhances TCA cycle activity, rescues proteasome impairment and TDP-43 mislocalization, inhibits K⁺_ATP channels independent of ATP, depolarizes pancreatic β-cell membranes, modulates insulin secretion, and enters pancreatic β-cell mitochondria via a specific transporter.Methyl pyruvate can be used for the research of lung adenocarcinoma, ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and type II diabetes.

MFN2 agonist-1 is an allosteric agonist of mitofusin 2 (MFN2) with an EC₅₀ of 3 nM. MFN2 agonist-1 mimics the MFN2 HR1 peptide to compete for HR2, disrupt the HR1-HR2 autoinhibitory interaction, stabilize the open conformation of MFN2, and promote GTP hydrolysis and mitochondrial fusion. MFN2 agonist-1 acts in a manner dependent on endogenous MFN1 or MFN2, and does not impair cell viability. MFN2 agonist-1 reverses mitochondrial fragmentation, depolarization, aggregation and axonal transport defects, restores bidirectional movement and improves enhanced autophagy. MFN2 agonist-1 is used in studies related to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.

nTRD22 is an RNA-binding allosteric modulator targeting TDP-43. nTRD22 binds to the N-terminal domain of TDP-43, thereby allosterically regulating the RNA-binding domain of TDP-43 and reducing its RNA-binding ability. nTRD22 decreases the TDP-43 protein level in primary motor neurons. nTRD22 alleviates motor dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models. nTRD22 is applicable to related research on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

NT-0527 is a selective, orally active, and brain-permeable NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. NT-0527 can specifically block the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in the reduction in the maturation and release of IL-1β, exhibit inhibition on CYP2C19. NT-0527 displays anti-inflammatory activity in the mouse LPS (HY-D1056) /ATP (HY-B2176)-induced peritonitis model. NT-0527 can be used for the research of neuroinflammatory disorders (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and peripheral inflammatory disorders (type II diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, etc.) associated with NLRP3 inflammasome.

QC-01-175 is a Tau PROTAC degrader, with K_d values of 1.2 μM, 1.7 μM and 2.5 μM for wild-type, A152T mutant and P301L mutant tau-441 proteins, respectively. QC-01-175 binds to both Tau and CRBN, triggering ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Tau. QC-01-175 preferentially targets disease-associated Tau proteins in frontotemporal dementia. QC-01-175 inhibits MAO activity, with an IC₅₀ of 8.56 μM. QC-01-175 suppresses the elevation of ROS levels. QC-01-175 can be used in studies related to frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Atibuclimab (IC14), is a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against CD14 and is composed of murine variable and human IgG4 Fc regions. Atibuclimab attenuates Lipopolysaccharides (HY-D1056) (LPS)-induced symptoms and strongly inhibits LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine release, while only delaying the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokines soluble TNF receptor type I and IL-1 receptor antagonist. Atibuclimab can be used for the research of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, sepsis, community-acquired pneumonia, or acute lung injury.

4-Guanidinobutanoic acid is a metabolite of arginine and an orally active SLC36A1/Hedgehog signaling pathway activator. 4-Guanidinobutanoic acid drives epithelial reprogramming, enhances intestinal stem cell function and goblet cell differentiation. 4-Guanidinobutanoic acid promotes the enrichment of Akkermansia muciniphila via mucus-dependent niche expansion, regulates intestinal homeostasis, and establishes a microbiota-host feedback loop. 4-Guanidinobutanoic acid exhibits anti-aging and healthspan-regulating properties. 4-Guanidinobutanoic acid can be used in research related to ulcerative colitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Ginkgo biloba extract is a natural product that can be isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis (Apoptosis) by stabilizing mitochondrial function, regulating Bcl-2 family proteins and inhibiting caspase activation. Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates testicular injury by upregulating SKP2 and inhibiting Beclin1-independent autophagy (Autophagy). Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates various types of neuronal damage in animal models. Ginkgo biloba extract reduces behavioral sensitization in rats. Ginkgo biloba extract counteracts Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by blocking a series of Aβ-triggered events, including glucose uptake, ROS accumulation, AKT activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, JNK and ERK 1/2 pathways, and apoptosis, and also interferes with the formation of Aβ oligomers. Ginkgo biloba extract is applicable to research related to cerebral hypoperfusion, testicular injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multi-infarct dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

rTRD01 is an orally active, specific TDP-43 binder that targets the RRM1 and RRM2 domains of TDP-43. rTRD01 partially disrupts the interaction between TDP-43 and c9orf72 repeat RNA, but does not affect the binding of TDP-43 to canonical binding sequences. rTRD01 exhibits significant neuroprotective effects in zebrafish models, improves motor function and protects against paraquat (a widely used herbicide)-induced neurodegeneration, with no teratogenicity at high concentrations. rTRD01 is not a general antioxidant and cannot counteract Rotenone (HY-B1756)-induced neuronal death. rTRD01 can be used to study amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other TDP-43 proteinopathies.

Ozanezumab (GSK1223249) is a humanized, Fc-inactivated monoclonal antibody that targets the nervous system protein Nogo-A. Ozanezumab promotes neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration by neutralizing Nogo-A signaling. Ozanezumab is used for research on neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis^[1].

Xaliproden (SR57746) hydrochloride (SR57746A) is an orally active, highly selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Xaliproden hydrochloride activates pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein-coupled signaling cascades, as well as the PKC, ERK1/ERK2, Akt and p21 Ras/MEK-1 pathways. Xaliproden hydrochloride also downregulates the JNK/p66/c-Jun signaling pathway, induces phosphorylation of the shc adaptor protein, regulates extracellular dopamine and 5-HT levels, and induces [³⁵S]GTPγS labeling in rat brain structures rich in 5-HT1A receptors. Xaliproden hydrochloride exerts neurotrophic, neuroprotective, renoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic and analgesic effects. Xaliproden hydrochloride also enhances NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, promotes motor neuron survival, attenuates renal tubular injury and inhibits chemotherapy-induced mechanical allodynia, without activating or altering NGF-induced TrkA receptor activation. Xaliproden hydrochloride can be used in the research of motor neuron disease, diabetic nephropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, acute tonic nociceptive pain, inflammatory pain, depression and anxiety.

ARD-1676 is an orally active androgen receptor (AR) PROTAC degrader. ARD-1676 induces proteasomal degradation of AR, inhibits AR-regulated gene expression, suppresses cell growth, reduces AR protein levels and inhibits tumor growth in in vivo models. ARD-1676 can be used in studies related to AR⁺ human prostate cancer and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy.

GLPG0492 is an orally active, non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator. GLPG0492 exerts functional transactivation by binding to the ligand-binding domain of the receptor, exhibiting preferential partial agonist activity in muscle and bone tissues with low activity in reproductive tissues. GLPG0492 effectively counteracts muscle atrophy-related pathways, significantly enhances muscle strength, maintains motor ability, reduces fibrosis and improves electrophysiological parameters. GLPG0492 prevents immobilization-induced muscle atrophy and regulates muscle mass homeostasis, serving as a valuable tool compound for studies on Duchenne muscular dystrophy, muscle loss and various types of disuse musculoskeletal atrophy.

GDC-0134 (RG6000) is a modulator targeting dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) that can cross the blood-brain barrier. By inhibiting the kinase activity of DLK, GDC-0134 blocks the activation of the downstream JNK signaling pathway, suppresses DLK-dependent retrograde signal transduction of axon-to-soma degeneration, and exerts neuroprotective activity. GDC-0134 reduces TDP-43 protein aggregation and decreases the degree of neuromuscular junction denervation in motor neurons. GDC-0134 can be used in the research of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease and other DLK-related neurodegenerative diseases.

APY-d3 is a highly selective EphA4 receptor inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ value of 17-56 nM for human EphA4, an IC₅₀ value of 20 nM for mouse EphA4, and a K_d value of 138 nM for EphA4-LBD. APY-d3 binds to EphA4, blocks its interaction with ephrin ligands, inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of EphA4, prevents growth cone collapse, and does not induce EphA4 phosphorylation in primary cortical neurons. APY-d3 adopts a β-hairpin conformation stabilized by an N-terminal to C-terminal disulfide bond. APY-d3 can be used in research related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

FP802 dihydrochloride is an orally active potent TwinF interface inhibitor that disrupts and detoxifies the NMDAR/TRPM4 death complex. FP802 dihydrochloride exerts powerful neuroprotective effects in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by preventing cognitive decline, preserving neuronal structural integrity, reducing amyloid-β plaque formation, and mitigating mitochondrial pathology. FP802 dihydrochloride stops loss of motor neurons, reduces serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels, improves motor performance, and extends life in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). FP802 dihydrochloride can be used for AD and ALS research.