Type 1 Diabetes

DHEA (Prasterone) is one of the most abundant steroid hormones. DHEA (Prasterone) mediates its action via multiple signaling pathways involving specific membrane receptors and via transformation into androgen and estrogen derivatives (e.g., androgens, estrogens, 7α and 7β DHEA, and 7α and 7β epiandrosterone derivatives) acting through their specific receptors.

PX-478 is a multifunctional HIF-1α inhibitor with properties including radiosensitization, autophagy activation, and lipid accumulation inhibition. PX-478 also blocks hypoxia-induced VEGF production and regulates β-cell phenotypes under hypoxic conditions. PX-478 induces cell cycle arrest and DNA damage, restores autophagic function, reduces foam cell formation, and maintains glucose homeostasis. PX-478 is widely used in research on related diseases such as human tumors (e.g., prostate cancer), type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis.

D-Glucose is the naturally occurring form of glucose and the most abundant monosaccharide. D-Glucose is a critical components of the general metabolism, and serve as critical signaling molecules in relation to both cellular metabolic status and biotic or abiotic stress response.

Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist used clinically to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Tocilizumab (Anti-Human IL6R, Humanized Antibody) is an anti-human interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) neutralizing antibody, prevents binding of IL-6 to the IL-6R, thereby inhibiting both classic and trans-signaling. Tocilizumab (Anti-Human IL6R, Humanized Antibody) can be used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Tocilizumab is remarkablely effective for the study of severe COVID-19 (coronavirus disease).

BPyO-34 is a selective inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), with an IC₅₀ of 0.52 μM against human targets. BPyO-34 inhibits the activity of ASK1 in in vitro kinase assays. BPyO-34 can be used in research related to various diseases such as diabetes and cancer.

LADW is a tetrapeptide derived from the hydrolysate of tuna skeletal muscle myosin, with dual inhibitory activities against angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) and α-glucosidase. The IC₅₀ value of LADW against ACE1 is 28.02 μM, while its IC₅₀ value against Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase is 4.40 mM. LADW binds competitively to the active site of ACE1, stabilizes the enzyme conformation, and blocks substrate binding. LADW binds to α-glucosidase to inhibit carbohydrate hydrolysis and can also alter starch structure. LADW can be used in studies related to hypertension and diabetes.

α-Glucosidase-IN-121 is a yeast α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 3.8 μM and a K_i of 12.9 μM. α-Glucosidase-IN-121 binds to the active site of the enzyme, competes with substrate binding, and forms stable interactions with Phe137, Ser308, Pro309, Arg312 and Glu350 via hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions. α-Glucosidase-IN-121 can be used in the research of diabetes.

7α-Hydroxycholesterol is a cholesterol oxide and can serve as a biomarker for oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. 7α-Hydroxycholesterol has cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory activities. 7α-Hydroxycholesterol can also inhibit sterol synthesis and reduce the activity of HMG-CoA reductase. 7α-Hydroxycholesterol can be used in the research of diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis.

Teplizumab (MGA-031) is a Fc receptor non-binding anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody. Teplizumab reduces the loss of beta-cell function. Teplizumab can be used in the research of type 1 diabetes.

Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol), drived from plant sources or dietary supplements, could be used as supplement of Vitamin D.

Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin analog. Insulin glargine has the effect of lowering blood sugar and can be used in the research of diabetes. In addition, high doses of Insulin glargine can promote the proliferation of bladder cancer cells.

Anti-Mouse IL-10R/CD210 Antibody (1B1.3A) is a rat-derived IgG1 κ type antibody inhibitor, targeting to mouse IL-10R/CD210. Anti-Mouse IL-10R/CD210 Antibody (1B1.3A) blocks IL-10R signaling. Anti-Mouse IL-10R/CD210 Antibody (1B1.3A) can be used for the researches of cancer, infection and metabolic disease, such as diabetes and malaria.

Sitagliptin (MK-0431) phosphate monohydrate is an orally active and highly selective DPP4 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 19 nM. Sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate blocks the degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) by competing inhibition mechanism (Kᵢ = 1 nM), thereby increasing the level of active incretin. Sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate can also directly stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 by intestinal L cells by activating the cAMP/PKA and ERK1/2 pathways, and this effect is independent of DPP-4. Sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate shows protective effects on pancreatic islet grafts in 1-type diabetes models. Sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate can be used for the study of 1-type and 2-type diabetes.

Insulin degludec is an ultra-long-acting form of insulin used for the research of hyperglycemia caused by type 1 and type 2 dabetes. Insulin degludec shows binding efficiency with an IC₅₀ value of 19.59 nM for insulin receptor. Insulin degludec can be used for the research of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Insulin glulisine (HMR 1964) is a rapid-acting insulin analog whose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties mimic physiological insulin secretion in humans, with a rapid onset of action. Insulin glulisine controls hyperglycemia. Insulin glulisine is applicable to research related to type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Hypoxystat is an orally active hypoxia mimetic. HypoxyStat increases Hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity, limiting oxygen offloading to the tissues and inducing local tissue hypoxia. Hypoxystat reduces Iba1⁺ cells. HypoxyStat causes systemic hypoxia. Hypoxystat effectively rescues hyperglycemia in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. HypoxyStat not only extends lifespan but also rescues key neuropathological and behavioral deficits in the premier mouse model of Leigh syndrome.

Gocdacimab (MEDI6570) is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody inhibitor targeting the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor LOX-1. By binding to LOX-1 and blocking its function, gocdacimab effectively reduces the level of free soluble LOX-1, thereby inhibiting key pathological processes such as lipid accumulation, foam cell formation, and vascular wall inflammation. Gocdacimab can interfere with atherosclerosis-related mechanisms, and it is used for research on atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Glycerol kinase, microorganism (GyK) acts as a NR4A1 inhibitor with enzymatic activity. It directly binds to and inhibits the transcription factor NR4A1, thereby negatively regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis and reducing blood glucose levels. Glycerol kinase, microorganism positively regulates UCP1 expression via partial dependence on the β-adrenergic receptor-cAMP-CREB pathway, promotes browning of white adipose tissue and thermogenesis, and further modulates intracellular fatty acid composition and energy metabolism. In diabetic mouse models, overexpression of Glycerol kinase effectively antagonizes NR4A1-induced hyperglycemia, demonstrating potential for improving glucose homeostasis. Glycerol kinase, microorganism can be used for studies on diabetes and obesity.

Proinsulin C-peptide (human) is a peptide consisting of 31 amino acids that links the A and B chains of proinsulin to ensure its correct folding. Proinsulin C-peptide (human) inhibits the high glucose-induced increase in PDGF-β receptor protein expression and the phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAP kinase. Proinsulin C-peptide (human) increases the deformability of erythrocytes derived from type 1 diabetes, inhibits insulin-induced neointimal thickening, and suppresses the proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells cultured under high-glucose conditions.