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Oral cancer

Definition:

Oral cancer refers to a subgroup of head and neck malignancies that develop at the lips, tongue, salivary glands, gingiva, floor of the mouth, oropharynx, buccal surfaces and other intra-oral locations, according to the International Classification of Diseases. Nevertheless, the term is synonymous to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of oral mucosal origin that accounts for more than 90% of all malignant presentations at the aforementioned anatomical sites. Worldwide, oral SCC (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer; more than 300,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. The development of OSCC is a multistep process requiring the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations, influenced by a patient's genetic predisposition as well as by environmental influences, including tobacco, alcohol, chronic inflammation, and viral infection. The genetic changes include activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), alterations of tumor suppressors p53 and p16, and cyclin D1 overexpression.

References:

[1]. A J Sasco, et al. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence. Lung Cancer. 2004 Aug;45 Suppl 2:S3-9. [Content Brief]

[2]. Christian C Abnet, et al. Carcinogenic food contaminants. Cancer Invest. 2007 Apr-May;25(3):189-96. [Content Brief]

[3]. D Hoffmann, et al. Chemical composition and carcinogenicity of smokeless tobacco. Adv Dent Res. 1997 Sep;11(3):322-9. [Content Brief]

[4]. Gerald N Wogan, et al. Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol. 2004 Dec;14(6):473-86. [Content Brief]

[5]. H Schliephake, et al. Prognostic relevance of molecular markers of oral cancer--a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Jun;32(3):233-45. [Content Brief]

[6]. Helmut K Seitz, et al. Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007 Aug;7(8):599-612. [Content Brief]

[7]. O Bettendorf, et al. Prognostic and predictive factors in oral squamous cell cancer: important tools for planning individual therapy?. Oral Oncol. 2004 Feb;40(2):110-9. [Content Brief]

[8]. P K Tsantoulis, et al. Advances in the biology of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2007 Jul;43(6):523-34. [Content Brief]

[9]. S A Norton, et al. Betel: consumption and consequences. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Jan;38(1):81-8. [Content Brief]

[10]. S Choi, et al. Molecular pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: implications for therapy. J Dent Res. 2008 Jan;87(1):14-32. [Content Brief]

[11]. S Warnakulasuriya, et al. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer. Oral Dis. 2004 Jan;10(1):1-4. [Content Brief]

[12]. Steven J Thomas, et al. Betel quid not containing tobacco and oral cancer: a report on a case-control study in Papua New Guinea and a meta-analysis of current evidence. Int J Cancer. 2007 Mar 15;120(6):1318-23. [Content Brief]

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