Gnathostomiasis: a review of a previously localized zoonosis now crossing numerous geographical boundaries

Expansion in international travel and increases in immigration have resulted in an increased number of persons in Europe and other Western countries who have returned from foreign travel with parasitic infections rarely seen previously in the United States. Among the diseases caused by helminthic parasites is gnathostomiasis, a disease caused by Gnathostoma spp. Once confined primarily to Southeast Asia, it now is a public health concern in Mexico and other countries. This article reviews the causes and epidemiology of gnathostomiasis, the life cycle of the helminth, the clinical picture and diagnosis of gnathostomiasis, and the treatments for and means of avoiding the disease.