The orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erb alpha regulates circadian expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is a major physiologic regulator of the fibrinolytic system and has recently gained recognition as a modulator of inflammation and atherosclerosis. PAI-1 exhibits circadian rhythmicity in its expression, peaking in the early morning, which is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events. However, the mechanisms that determine PAI-1 circadian rhythmicity remain poorly understood. We discovered that the orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERB alpha, a core component of the circadian loop, represses human PAI-1 gene expression through two REV-ERB alpha binding sites in the PAI-1 promoter. Mutations of these sites, as well as RNA interference targeting endogenous REV-ERB alpha and its corepressors, led to increased expression of the PAI-1 gene. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) contributes to PAI-1 repression by phosphorylating and stabilizing REV-ERB alpha protein, which can be blocked by lithium. Interestingly, serum shock generated circadian oscillations in PAI-1 mRNA in NIH3T3 cells, suggesting that PAI-1 is a direct output gene of the circadian loop. Ectopic expression of a stabilized form of REV-ERB alpha that mimics GSK3beta phosphorylation dramatically dampened PAI-1 circadian oscillations. Thus, our results suggest that REV-ERB alpha is a major determinant of the circadian PAI-1 expression and a potential modulator of the morning susceptibility to myocardial infarction.