Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome): part I. Diagnosis: clinical and histopathologic features and new molecular and biologic markers

Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) comprise approximately 53% of cutaneous lymphomas. Both MF and SS may clinically and histologically mimic benign skin conditions, posing a diagnostic challenge to the dermatologist. Precise clinicopathologic correlation is necessary to support a diagnosis, especially in the early stages of disease. In addition to the identification of histopathologic criteria, ancillary studies, including the identification of CD4(+) T cells with aberrant immunophenotypes and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements within skin lesions and peripheral blood are used to support the diagnosis. Recent studies evaluating the pathogenesis of MF have found that the skin microenvironment, including immune cells, such as dendritic cells and reactive cytotoxic and regulatory T cells, plays a crucial supporting role in MF. The skin-homing ability of malignant T cells is the result of chemokines, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and defective Apoptosis, and is believed to play a role in disease pathogenesis and progression. In addition, recent studies have also suggested that MF and SS arise from distinct memory T cell subsets and advanced/erythrodermic MF and SS may be distinguished by identification of certain molecules, including Programmed-Death-1.

APC; CLA; CTCL; E-CTCL; EMF; GMF; HTLV-1; IL; ISCL; International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma; LCT; MF; PD-1; Programmed-Death-1; SS; Sézary syndrome; T-cell receptor; TCR; Treg; antigen-presenting cell; biologic and molecular markers; clinical and diagnostic challenges; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; cutaneous lymphocyte antigen; erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; erythrodermic mycosis fungoides; genetic aberrations; granulomatous mycosis fungoides; histopathology; human T-lymphotropic virus type 1; interleukin; large cell transformation; mycosis fungoides; mycosis fungoides subtypes; pathogenesis; prognostic value; regulatory T cells; skin homing features; transformed mycosis fungoides; tumor microenvironment.