Rhod-2 AM
Based on 42 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Rhod-2 is a high-affinity visible light excitation wavelength Ca2+ fluorescent probe, Rhod-2, AM is an acetyl methyl ester derivative of Rhod-2, which has cell membrane permeability and can easily enter cells with simple culture. Once it enters the cell, it is sheared by its lactesterase to produce Rhod-2 without membrane permeability, which remains in the cell to perform the corresponding physiological functions. Maximum excitation/emission wavelength: 549/578 nm.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- CAS No.: 145037-81-6
- Formula: C52H59BrN4O19
- Molecular Weight:1123.94
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Storage:
-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocol
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Rhod-2 AM
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2026 Mar 26;11(1):113. [Abstract]
- Cell Metab. 2026 May 14:S1550-4131(26)00151-8. [Abstract]
- Adv Mater. 2025 Jan 10:e2415030. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 24;16(1):6821. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Apr 27:e75442. [Abstract]
- J Adv Res. 2024 May 7:S2090-1232(24)00175-9. [Abstract]
- Sci Adv. 2025 Nov 21;11(47):eadz4126. [Abstract]
- J Hazard Mater. 2024 Jun 7:475:134854. [Abstract]
- Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Dec 5;51(23):13938-13948. [Abstract]
- J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025 Mar 18:S0091-6749(25)00305-7. [Abstract]
- Mater Today Bio. 2026 Apr 29.
- Int J Biol Sci. 2024 Jan 27;20(4):1279-1296. [Abstract]
- Acta Biomater. 2026 May:215:336-349. [Abstract]
- Adv Healthc Mater. 2025 Apr;14(10):e2405069. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Dec:149:157494. [Abstract]
- BMC Med. 2025 Jul 1;23(1):379. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2026 Apr 21:251:333-346. [Abstract]
- ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024 Nov 20;16(46):63207-63224. [Abstract]
- Br J Pharmacol. 2026 Apr 26. [Abstract]
- Clin Sci. 2024 Jan 10;138(1):23-42. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Discov. 2021 Feb 10;7(1):31. [Abstract]
- Antioxidants (Basel). 2024 Aug 19;13(8):1004. [Abstract]
- Cell Mol Life Sci. 2025 Dec 29;83(1):8. [Abstract]
- Cell Biosci. 2024 Nov 10;14(1):135. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2023 May 17;71(19):7278-7288. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Med. 2024 Jan;53(1):5. [Abstract]
- Biochem Pharmacol. 2026 May 16:118073. [Abstract]
- NanoImpact. 2025 Jun 15:39:100572. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2026 May 25:369:121896. [Abstract]
- Life Sci. 2026 May 15:393:124322. [Abstract]
- Life Sci. 2024 Mar 15:341:122505. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Aug 3;23(15):8629. [Abstract]
- ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2025 Apr 27. [Abstract]
- Toxicology. 2025 Jun 4:154212. [Abstract]
- RSC Adv. 2019 Aug 13;9(43):25107-25118. [Abstract]
- Microorganisms. 2026 Mar 28;14(4):771. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2026 Apr 6;16(1):16381. [Abstract]
- Cell Signal. 2025 Dec 8:139:112298. [Abstract]
- Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2025 Jun 3:117434. [Abstract]
- Cell Biol Int. 2026 Feb;50(2):e70130. [Abstract]
- Mol Biol Rep. 2024 May 5;51(1):607. [Abstract]
- Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Mar 16:2021:8810698. [Abstract]
Customer Validation & Images
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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IF
Biological Activity
Guide (The following is our recommended solution. This solution is merely a guideline and should be modified according to your specific needs.)
1. Preparation of Rhod-2 AM Solution
1.1 Preparation of the Solution
Dissolve Rhod-2 AM in DMSO to obtain a 5 mM stock solution.
1.2 Preparation of Rhod-2 AM Solution
Dilute the stock solution with serum-free cell culture medium or PBS to obtain a working solution of 5-10 μM.
Note: Please adjust the concentration of the Rhod-2 AM working solution according to the actual situation.
2. Cell Staining (6-well plate)
2.1 Suspended Cells
a. Centrifuge at 4°C for 3-5 minutes at 1000g. Discard the supernatant. Wash twice with PBS, each time for 5 minutes. The cell density is 1×106 cells/mL.
b. Add 1 mL of the working solution, and then incubate at room temperature for 5 to 30 minutes.
c. Centrifuge at 4°C for 3-4 minutes at 400g, then discard the supernatant.
d. Wash twice with PBS, for 5 minutes each time.
e. Resuspend the cells in serum-free cell culture medium or PBS. Observe the cells using a fluorescence microscope or flow cytometry.
2.2 Wall-adhering cells
a. Cultivate adherent cells on a sterile cover slip.
b. Remove the cover glass from the culture medium and aspirate the excess culture medium.
c. Add 100 μL of the working solution, gently shake to mix well, ensuring that the cells are fully covered. Incubate at room temperature for 5 to 30 minutes.
d. Wash twice with the culture medium, for 5 minutes each time. Observe under a fluorescence microscope or flow cytometer.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
578
549
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 145037-81-6
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 1123.94
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Formula C52H59BrN4O19
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SMILES
CN(C1=CC2=[O+]C3=C(C=CC(N(C)C)=C3)C(C4=CC=C(N(CC(OCOC(C)=O)=O)CC(OCOC(C)=O)=O)C(OCCOC5=CC(C)=CC=C5N(CC(OCOC(C)=O)=O)CC(OCOC(C)=O)=O)=C4)=C2C=C1)C.[Br-]
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
Publications (42)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase initiates mtDNA demethylation and leakage to fuel antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]2026 Mar 26;11(1):113. PMID: 41888107 -
Cell Metab
Adipokine IL-11/IL-11Ra constrains sphingolipid metabolism to limit the thermogenic capacity of beige adipocytes. [Abstract]2026 May 14:S1550-4131(26)00151-8. PMID: 42140185 -
Adv Mater
Self-Sustained Biophotocatalytic Nano-Organelle Reactors with Programmable DNA Switches for Combating Tumor Metastasis. [Abstract]2025 Jan 10:e2415030. PMID: 39797479
Rhod-2 AM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Mater. 2025 Jan 10:e2415030. [Abstract]
CLSM images showing membrane integrity and calcium levels of mitochondria in 4T1 cells treated with various nanoreactors. Rhod‐2 AM was dissolved in DMSO containing 0.02% Pluronic F127 and diluted using PBS to a final concentration of 5 µM. 4T1 cells were seeded in confocal dishes and cultured for 24 h. Nanoreactors (200 µg/mL) were added to the culture for an additional 24 h. Following three washes with PBS, the cells were incubated with the probe for 30 min, followed by imaging with CLSM.
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Nat Commun
Impairing the interaction between Erg11 and cytochrome P450 reductase Ncp1 enhances azoles' antifungal activities. [Abstract]2025 Jul 24;16(1):6821. PMID: 40707518
Rhod-2 AM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 24;16(1):6821. [Abstract]
To detect the level of Ca2+ in mitochondria, C. albicans cells were stained with Rhod-2 AM (5 μM, 30 min) at 37 °C. The images were acquired utilizing a confocal microscope. The excitation and emission wavelengths for the fluorescent probes used in this study are as follows: ER-Tracker Red (587 nm/615 nm), Rhod-2AM (549 nm/578 nm).
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Adv Sci (Weinh)
NET-DNA Activates the ANXA2/TMEM215/BiP Axis to Promote Mitophagy-Mediated Anoikis Resistance in Endometriosis. [Abstract]2026 Apr 27:e75442. PMID: 42037208 -
J Adv Res
Sodium citrate targeting Ca2+/CAMKK2 pathway exhibits anti-tumor activity through inducing apoptosis and ferroptosis in ovarian cancer. [Abstract]2024 May 7:S2090-1232(24)00175-9. PMID: 38724006
Rhod-2 AM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2024 May 7:S2090-1232(24)00175-9. [Abstract]
To detect intracellular Ca2+, cells were treated with 1 μM of Rhod-2 AM fluorescent probes and subsequently washed. The intracellular Ca2+ levels were quantified.
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Sci Adv
Matrix mechanical remodeled carrier-free nanosystem for programmable closed-loop reversal of liver fibrosis via STING alkylation. [Abstract]2025 Nov 21;11(47):eadz4126. PMID: 41259513
Rhod-2 AM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Adv. 2025 Nov 21;11(47):eadz4126. [Abstract]
RAW 264.7 cells were harvested and stained with a mitochondrial Ca2+ indicator (Rhod-2 AM) at room temperature for 30 min.
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J Hazard Mater
Potential mechanisms of aortic medial degeneration promoted by co-exposure to microplastics and lead. [Abstract]2024 Jun 7:475:134854. PMID: 38889468 -
Environ Sci Technol
Determining the Cytotoxicity of Rare Earth Element Nanoparticles in Macrophages and the Involvement of Membrane Damage. [Abstract]2017 Dec 5;51(23):13938-13948. PMID: 29121463
Rhod-2 AM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Dec 5;51(23):13938-13948. [Abstract]
Cellular staining with Fluo-3/AM, Rhod-2 and DAPI (blue) in cells upon nLa2O3 treatment at 20 μg/mL for 6 h. Cells are examined with confocal microscopy. Two colors are showed individually or merged together.
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J Allergy Clin Immunol
MRGPRX2 gain-of-function mutation drives enhanced mast cell reactivity in chronic spontaneous urticaria. [Abstract]2025 Mar 18:S0091-6749(25)00305-7. PMID: 40113019 -
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Int J Biol Sci
A novel CSN5/CRT O-GlcNAc/ER stress regulatory axis in platinum resistance of epithelial ovarian cancer. [Abstract]2024 Jan 27;20(4):1279-1296. PMID: 38385070 -
Acta Biomater
Chirality of poly(γ-glutamic acid) directs calcium nanoparticle assembly and adjuvant-like immune activation. [Abstract]2026 May:215:336-349. PMID: 41962731 -
Adv Healthc Mater
Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles-Based Inspector Enhances Mitochondrial Quality Control to Maintain Chondrocyte Homeostasis in Osteoarthritis Therapy. [Abstract]2025 Apr;14(10):e2405069. PMID: 40033885 -
Phytomedicine
Z-Ligustilide's antidepressant effects in adolescent depression involve the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) - protein kinase A (PKA)- Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) pathway, facilitating mitochondrial endosymbiosis and promoting mitophagy in microglia. [Abstract]2025 Dec:149:157494. PMID: 41218379 -
BMC Med
Disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure. [Abstract]2025 Jul 1;23(1):379. PMID: 40598160 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediates LPS-induced mitophagy in murine macrophages through AMPK/ULK1 pathway. [Abstract]2026 Apr 21:251:333-346. PMID: 42025704 -
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
Antisenescence Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Piezoelectric β-Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Film-Based Culture. [Abstract]2024 Nov 20;16(46):63207-63224. PMID: 39503875 -
Br J Pharmacol
Curcumin controls lysosomal acidification and exocytosis to ameliorate lysosomal cholesterol accumulation in Niemann-Pick type C disease. [Abstract]2026 Apr 26. PMID: 42036241 -
Clin Sci
Regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase Leads to Disturbances of Isoproterenol-induced Cardiac Dysfunction via Interference of Ca2+ -dependent Cardiac Metabolism. [Abstract]2024 Jan 10;138(1):23-42. PMID: 38060817 -
Cell Death Discov
IP3R1 regulates Ca2+ transport and pyroptosis through the NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. [Abstract]2021 Feb 10;7(1):31. PMID: 33568649 -
Antioxidants (Basel)
Sodium Selenite Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer Cells via Mitochondrial ROS-Activated AMPK/mTOR/FOXO3a Pathway. [Abstract]2024 Aug 19;13(8):1004. PMID: 39199249 -
Cell Mol Life Sci
2025 Dec 29;83(1):8. PMID: 41460344 -
Cell Biosci
Knockdown of hepatic mitochondrial calcium uniporter mitigates MASH and fibrosis in mice. [Abstract]2024 Nov 10;14(1):135. PMID: 39523398 -
J Agric Food Chem
Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Regulator 1 (MCUR1) Relieves Mitochondrial Damage Induced by Lipopolysaccharide by Mediating Mitochondrial Ca2+ Homeostasis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. [Abstract]2023 May 17;71(19):7278-7288. PMID: 37145034 -
Int J Mol Med
mROS‑calcium feedback loop promotes lethal ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in early myocardial ischemia. [Abstract]2024 Jan;53(1):5. PMID: 37997788 -
Biochem Pharmacol
Overexpression of GJB1-13k induces mitochondrial calcium overload and triggers apoptosis and GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in cervical cancer. [Abstract]2026 May 16:118073. PMID: 42144203 -
NanoImpact
CdTe quantum dots induce apoptosis in RSC96 cells by disrupting calcium homeostasis and triggering subcellular structural dysfunction. [Abstract]2025 Jun 15:39:100572. PMID: 40527434 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Realgar transforming solution suppresses KG-1a-derived CD34+CD38- acute myeloid leukemia stem cell-like phenotypes in association with ER-mitochondrial stress and mitophagy-related alterations. [Abstract]2026 May 25:369:121896. PMID: 42184909 -
Life Sci
LETM1 deacetylation attenuates calcium overload-mediated mitochondrial injury and protects the intestine from ischemia/reperfusion damage. [Abstract]2026 May 15:393:124322. PMID: 41819224 -
Life Sci
Dimethyl fumarate restores Ca2+ dyshomeostasis through activation of the SIRT1 signal to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. [Abstract]2024 Mar 15:341:122505. PMID: 38364937 -
Int J Mol Sci
Effects of MICU1-Mediated Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake on Energy Metabolism and Quality of Vitrified-Thawed Mouse Metaphase II Oocytes. [Abstract]2022 Aug 3;23(15):8629. PMID: 35955764 -
ACS Appl Bio Mater
Bifunctional Nanostarch against Neuronal Apoptosis via Mitochondria Protection for Ameliorating Ischemic Stroke Injury and Promoting Long-Term Neurological Recovery. [Abstract]2025 Apr 27. PMID: 40289357 -
Toxicology
Effects of CdTe quantum dot exposure on the calcium signaling pathway in rat dorsal root ganglion cells ND7/23. [Abstract]2025 Jun 4:154212. PMID: 40480474 -
RSC Adv
Ginsenoside Rk1 inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in lung squamous cell carcinoma by calcium signaling pathway. [Abstract]2019 Aug 13;9(43):25107-25118. PMID: 35528653 -
Microorganisms
Lsm1 Coordinates Mitochondrial Homeostasis, TORC1 Signaling, and Virulence in Candida albicans. [Abstract]2026 Mar 28;14(4):771. PMID: 42075169 -
Sci Rep
Upregulated TRPM1 is associated with apoptosis in Rs1 knockout mice and in ARPE19 cells through increased intracellular calcium. [Abstract]2026 Apr 6;16(1):16381. PMID: 41942595 -
Cell Signal
ED-71 prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone loss by inhibiting type H vascular endothelial cell senescence through maintaining mitochondria-associated membrane-mediated calcium homeostasis. [Abstract]2025 Dec 8:139:112298. PMID: 41371564 -
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
Integrating phosphoproteome and proteome to reveal key processes through which apocynin protects from lethal ventricular arrhythmias-sudden cardiac death in early myocardial ischemia. [Abstract]2025 Jun 3:117434. PMID: 40472975 -
Cell Biol Int
Solute Carrier Family 19 Member 1 Mediates Acquired Bortezomib Resistance in Multiple Myeloma Through Chronic Stimulator of Interferon Genes Activation and Mitochondrial DNA Release. [Abstract]2026 Feb;50(2):e70130. PMID: 41556422 -
Mol Biol Rep
Peroxiredoxin II exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress-induced neuronal pyroptosis. [Abstract]2024 May 5;51(1):607. PMID: 38704801 -
Oxid Med Cell Longev
Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and ER-Mitochondrial Ca2+ Crosstalk to Promote Programmed Necrosis of Rat Nucleus Pulposus Cells under Compression. [Abstract]2021 Mar 16:2021:8810698. PMID: 33815661
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 37.5 mg/mL (33.36 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Protocol
For flow cytofluorometry, cells are harvested, pelleted, and resuspended in ice-cold PBS containing 10 mM glucose, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 10 μM Rhod-2 AM (Rhod2-AM). Mitochondrial calcium levels are determined by the flow cytofluorometry analysis of aliquots of 4×105 cells. For fluorescence microscopy, IMR5 cells are grown on polylysine-coated (10 μg/mL) slides and stained with 7.5 μM Rhod-2 AM in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS for 2 h before poliovirus (PV) infection. Cells are fixed by incubation for 15 min at 4°C in 4% paraformaldehyde. Cells are washed in PBS, and images are acquired with Zeiss Apotome and Axiovision software[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (282 KB)
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SDS (252 KB)
- English - EN (252 KB)
- Français - FR (252 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (252 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (252 KB)
- Español - ES (252 KB)
- Swedish - SV (252 KB)
- Italian - IT (252 KB)
- Korean - KR (252 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (252 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Brisac C, et al. Calcium flux between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion contributes to poliovirus-induced apoptosis. J Virol. 2010 Dec;84(23):12226-35. [Content Brief]
[2]. Brisac C, et al. Calcium flux between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion contributes to poliovirus-induced apoptosis. J Virol. 2010 Dec;84(23):12226-35. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 0.8897 mL | 4.4486 mL | 8.8973 mL | 22.2432 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.1779 mL | 0.8897 mL | 1.7795 mL | 4.4486 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0890 mL | 0.4449 mL | 0.8897 mL | 2.2243 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.0593 mL | 0.2966 mL | 0.5932 mL | 1.4829 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.0445 mL | 0.2224 mL | 0.4449 mL | 1.1122 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.0356 mL | 0.1779 mL | 0.3559 mL | 0.8897 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0297 mL | 0.1483 mL | 0.2966 mL | 0.7414 mL |
Rhod-2 AM Related Classifications
HY-D0989 Related Classifications
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