GSK-3 alpha

GSK-3 alpha, encoded by GSK3A, is one of two closely related mammalian isoforms of glycogen synthase kinase-3. It behaves as a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase that is restrained by insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation at Ser21 near its N terminus. Its canonical substrate, glycogen synthase, is inhibited upon phosphorylation, coupling the kinase directly to glucose storage; other reported targets include tau, linking GSK-3 alpha to Alzheimer-type neurodegeneration. Relative to the widely studied GSK-3 beta, the alpha isoform shows a more restricted expression pattern and non-redundant contributions to hepatic glucose homeostasis and sperm function. Both isoforms are inhibited by lithium and remain drug targets in metabolic and neuropsychiatric disease.