Effects of elephant's foot (Elephantopus scaber) extract on growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings

Medicinal plant has been applied as an alternative strategy for Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for controlling the outbreak of diseases in tilapia farming. In this study, five doses of Elephantopus scaber extract (ESE) were added to the basal diet at 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 g kg^-1 feed of Nile tilapia fingerlings (13.92 ± 0.06 g initial weight) in triplicate. After 4- and 8- weeks post-feeding, fish were sampled to determine the effects of the ESE supplemented on fish's growth performance, humoral, and skin mucus immune response. After 8 weeks post-feeding, a challenge test against Streptococcus agalactiae was carried out using 10 fish from each tank. Fish fed ESE showed significantly increased serum lysozyme (SL), serum peroxidase (SP), alternative complement (ACH50), phagocytosis (PI), and respiratory burst (RB) compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The skin mucus lysozyme (SMLA) and skin peroxidase (SMPA) were stimulated in fish fed ESE diets. Dietary inclusion of ESE significantly (P < 0.05) promoted final body weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR); while a reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in fish fed 5 g kg^-1 ESE, after 8 weeks post-feeding. The challenge study indicated that the relative percent survival (RSP) was 38.10%, 76.19%, 66.67%, and 47.62% in Diet 2, Diet 3, Diet 4, and Diet 5, respectively. Among the supplemented groups, dietary of 5 g kg^-1 ESE showed significantly higher RPS and the highest resistance to S. agalactiae in comparison with other groups. In conclusion, supplementation of ESE (5 g kg^-1) enhanced the humoral and mucosal immunity, promoted growth performance, and improved disease resistance of Nile tilapia against Streptococcus agalactiae.