Impact of channel properties, imaging strategies and diffusional constraints on the detectability of Ca2+ microdomains

Subplasmalemmal CA²⁺ microdomains formed by brief openings of single or locally clustered CA²⁺-permeable ion channels play crucial roles in different cellular processes, including migration and secretion. While electrophysiological recordings are unmatched in sensitivity and temporal resolution, spatiotemporally resolved microfluorometric measurements of such CA²⁺ microdomains are of particular interest to identify the sites of channel activity in undisturbed cells under close-to-physiological conditions. In total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, the shallow penetration depth of the evanescent field is ideally suited to monitor subplasmalemmal CA²⁺ microdomains without compromising the spatial and temporal resolution. This study systematically characterizes the impact of various imaging parameters, ion channel properties and cell geometries on the detection limits and signal-to-noise ratios in TIRF microscopy by using simulated and experimentally gathered data. The investigated ion channels include voltage-gated calcium channels, transient receptor potential channels, and P2X receptors. We provide a framework for choosing imaging parameters for high spatiotemporal resolution of CA²⁺ influx elicited by openings of single CA²⁺-permeable cation channels of different types. Current technical limitations and potential future improvements are discussed.

Ca(2+) microdomains; L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel; P2X4 channel; Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy; Transient receptor potential melastatin 3 channel; Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 channel.