Liver Cancer Models

N-Nitrosodiethylamine (Diethylnitrosamine) is a potent hepatocarcinogenic dialkylnitrosoamine. N-Nitrosodiethylamine is mainly present in tobacco smoke, water, cheddar cheese, cured, fried meals and many alcoholic beverages. N-Nitrosodiethylamine is responsible for the changes in the nuclear enzymes associated with DNA repair/replication. N-Nitrosodiethylamine results in various tumors in all animal species. The main target organs are the nasal cavity, trachea, lung, esophagus and liver.

Thioacetamide (TAA) is an indirect hepatotoxin and causes parenchymal cell necrosis. Thioacetamide requires metabolic activation by microsomal CYP2E1 to thioacetamide-S-oxide initially and then to thioacetamide-S-dioxide, which is a highly reactive metabolite, and its reactive metabolites covalently bind to proteins and lipids thereby causing oxidative stress and centrilobular necrosis. Thioacetamide can induce chronic liver fibrosis, encephalopathy and other events model.

Chrysene is a high molecular weight (HMW), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) known for its recalcitrance and carcinogenic properties.

N-Nitrosomorpholine is a photosensitive nitrosamine that is carcinogenic and can be used to construct animal cancer models.

2-Acetamidofluorene is a potent carcinogenan. 2-Acetamidofluorene is can be used fot induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and multiple primary tumours.

Methyl yellow (Solvent Yellow 2) is a pH indicator. Methyl yellow appears red at low pH, and becomes yellow above pH 4.0.