The use of biomarkers in the patient with heart failure

Heart failure is a major burden to the health care system in terms of not only cost, but also morbidity and mortality. Appropriate use of biomarkers is critically important to allow rapid identification and optimal risk stratification and management of patients with both acute and chronic heart failure. This review will discuss the biomarkers that have the most diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value in patients with heart failure. We will discuss established biomarkers such as natriuretic Peptides as well as emerging biomarkers reflective of myocyte stress, myocyte injury, extracellular matrix injury, and both neurohormonal and cardio-renal physiology.