1. Academic Validation
  2. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

  • J Extracell Vesicles. 2018 Nov 23;7(1):1535750. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750.
Clotilde Théry 1 Kenneth W Witwer 2 3 Elena Aikawa 4 5 Maria Jose Alcaraz 6 Johnathon D Anderson 7 Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina 8 Anna Antoniou 9 10 Tanina Arab 11 Fabienne Archer 12 Georgia K Atkin-Smith 13 D Craig Ayre 14 15 Jean-Marie Bach 16 Daniel Bachurski 17 Hossein Baharvand 18 19 Leonora Balaj 20 Shawn Baldacchino 21 Natalie N Bauer 22 Amy A Baxter 13 Mary Bebawy 23 Carla Beckham 24 Apolonija Bedina Zavec 25 Abderrahim Benmoussa 26 Anna C Berardi 27 Paolo Bergese 28 29 30 Ewa Bielska 31 Cherie Blenkiron 32 Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz 33 Eric Boilard 26 Wilfrid Boireau 34 Antonella Bongiovanni 35 Francesc E Borràs 36 37 38 Steffi Bosch 16 Chantal M Boulanger 39 40 Xandra Breakefield 41 Andrew M Breglio 42 43 Meadhbh Á Brennan 44 45 46 David R Brigstock 47 48 Alain Brisson 49 Marike Ld Broekman 50 51 52 Jacqueline F Bromberg 53 54 Paulina Bryl-Górecka 55 Shilpa Buch 56 Amy H Buck 57 Dylan Burger 58 59 60 Sara Busatto 61 30 Dominik Buschmann 62 Benedetta Bussolati 63 Edit I Buzás 64 65 James Bryan Byrd 66 Giovanni Camussi 67 David Rf Carter 68 Sarah Caruso 13 Lawrence W Chamley 69 Yu-Ting Chang 70 Chihchen Chen 71 72 Shuai Chen 73 Lesley Cheng 13 Andrew R Chin 74 Aled Clayton 75 Stefano P Clerici 76 Alex Cocks 75 Emanuele Cocucci 77 78 Robert J Coffey 79 Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva 80 Yvonne Couch 81 Frank Aw Coumans 82 Beth Coyle 83 Rossella Crescitelli 84 Miria Ferreira Criado 85 Crislyn D'Souza-Schorey 86 Saumya Das 87 Amrita Datta Chaudhuri 3 Paola de Candia 88 Eliezer F De Santana 89 Olivier De Wever 90 91 Hernando A Del Portillo 92 93 94 Tanguy Demaret 95 Sarah Deville 96 97 Andrew Devitt 98 Bert Dhondt 90 99 91 Dolores Di Vizio 74 Lothar C Dieterich 100 Vincenza Dolo 101 Ana Paula Dominguez Rubio 102 Massimo Dominici 103 104 Mauricio R Dourado 105 106 Tom Ap Driedonks 107 Filipe V Duarte 108 Heather M Duncan 109 110 Ramon M Eichenberger 111 Karin Ekström 112 Samir El Andaloussi 113 114 Celine Elie-Caille 34 Uta Erdbrügger 115 Juan M Falcón-Pérez 116 117 Farah Fatima 118 Jason E Fish 119 120 Miguel Flores-Bellver 121 András Försönits 65 Annie Frelet-Barrand 34 Fabia Fricke 122 123 Gregor Fuhrmann 124 125 126 Susanne Gabrielsson 127 Ana Gámez-Valero 36 128 Chris Gardiner 129 Kathrin Gärtner 130 Raphael Gaudin 131 132 Yong Song Gho 133 Bernd Giebel 134 Caroline Gilbert 26 Mario Gimona 135 Ilaria Giusti 101 Deborah Ci Goberdhan 136 André Görgens 113 137 134 Sharon M Gorski 138 139 David W Greening 13 Julia Christina Gross 140 141 Alice Gualerzi 142 Gopal N Gupta 143 Dakota Gustafson 120 Aase Handberg 144 145 Reka A Haraszti 146 Paul Harrison 147 Hargita Hegyesi 65 An Hendrix 90 91 Andrew F Hill 13 Fred H Hochberg 148 149 Karl F Hoffmann 150 Beth Holder 151 152 Harry Holthofer 153 Baharak Hosseinkhani 154 Guoku Hu 56 Yiyao Huang 155 2 Veronica Huber 156 Stuart Hunt 157 Ahmed Gamal-Eldin Ibrahim 158 Tsuneya Ikezu 159 Jameel M Inal 160 Mustafa Isin 161 Alena Ivanova 162 Hannah K Jackson 83 Soren Jacobsen 163 164 Steven M Jay 165 Muthuvel Jayachandran 166 Guido Jenster 167 Lanzhou Jiang 13 Suzanne M Johnson 168 Jennifer C Jones 169 Ambrose Jong 170 171 Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman 172 Stephanie Jung 173 Raghu Kalluri 174 Shin-Ichi Kano 175 Sukhbir Kaur 176 Yumi Kawamura 177 178 Evan T Keller 179 180 Delaram Khamari 65 Elena Khomyakova 181 182 Anastasia Khvorova 146 Peter Kierulf 183 Kwang Pyo Kim 184 Thomas Kislinger 185 186 Mikael Klingeborn 187 David J Klinke 2nd 188 189 Miroslaw Kornek 190 191 Maja M Kosanović 192 Árpád Ferenc Kovács 65 Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers 193 Susanne Krasemann 194 Mirja Krause 195 Igor V Kurochkin 196 Gina D Kusuma 195 197 Sören Kuypers 198 Saara Laitinen 199 Scott M Langevin 200 201 Lucia R Languino 202 Joanne Lannigan 203 Cecilia Lässer 84 Louise C Laurent 204 Gregory Lavieu 1 Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez 205 Soazig Le Lay 8 Myung-Shin Lee 206 Yi Xin Fiona Lee 207 Debora S Lemos 208 Metka Lenassi 209 Aleksandra Leszczynska 210 Isaac Ts Li 211 Ke Liao 56 Sten F Libregts 212 Erzsebet Ligeti 213 Rebecca Lim 195 197 Sai Kiang Lim 214 Aija Linē 215 Karen Linnemannstöns 140 141 Alicia Llorente 216 Catherine A Lombard 95 Magdalena J Lorenowicz 217 Ákos M Lörincz 213 Jan Lötvall 84 Jason Lovett 218 Michelle C Lowry 219 Xavier Loyer 39 40 Quan Lu 220 Barbara Lukomska 221 Taral R Lunavat 222 Sybren Ln Maas 223 224 Harmeet Malhi 225 Antonio Marcilla 226 227 Jacopo Mariani 228 Javier Mariscal 74 Elena S Martens-Uzunova 167 Lorena Martin-Jaular 1 M Carmen Martinez 8 Vilma Regina Martins 229 Mathilde Mathieu 1 Suresh Mathivanan 13 Marco Maugeri 230 Lynda K McGinnis 231 Mark J McVey 232 233 David G Meckes Jr 234 Katie L Meehan 235 Inge Mertens 236 97 Valentina R Minciacchi 237 Andreas Möller 238 Malene Møller Jørgensen 239 240 Aizea Morales-Kastresana 169 Jess Morhayim 241 François Mullier 242 243 Maurizio Muraca 244 Luca Musante 115 Veronika Mussack 62 Dillon C Muth 2 Kathryn H Myburgh 218 Tanbir Najrana 245 Muhammad Nawaz 230 Irina Nazarenko 246 247 Peter Nejsum 248 Christian Neri 249 Tommaso Neri 250 Rienk Nieuwland 82 Leonardo Nimrichter 251 John P Nolan 148 Esther Nm Nolte-'t Hoen 107 Nicole Noren Hooten 252 Lorraine O'Driscoll 219 Tina O'Grady 253 Ana O'Loghlen 254 Takahiro Ochiya 255 Martin Olivier 256 Alberto Ortiz 257 258 259 Luis A Ortiz 260 Xabier Osteikoetxea 261 Ole Østergaard 262 263 Matias Ostrowski 264 Jaesung Park 133 D Michiel Pegtel 265 Hector Peinado 266 Francesca Perut 267 Michael W Pfaffl 62 Donald G Phinney 268 Bartijn Ch Pieters 269 Ryan C Pink 68 David S Pisetsky 270 271 Elke Pogge von Strandmann 272 Iva Polakovicova 273 274 Ivan Kh Poon 13 Bonita H Powell 2 Ilaria Prada 275 Lynn Pulliam 276 277 Peter Quesenberry 278 Annalisa Radeghieri 28 30 Robert L Raffai 279 276 Stefania Raimondo 280 Janusz Rak 281 256 Marcel I Ramirez 282 283 Graça Raposo 284 Morsi S Rayyan 285 Neta Regev-Rudzki 286 Franz L Ricklefs 287 Paul D Robbins 288 David D Roberts 176 Silvia C Rodrigues 289 108 Eva Rohde 290 135 291 Sophie Rome 292 Kasper Ma Rouschop 293 Aurelia Rughetti 294 Ashley E Russell 295 Paula Saá 296 Susmita Sahoo 297 Edison Salas-Huenuleo 298 299 Catherine Sánchez 300 Julie A Saugstad 301 Meike J Saul 302 Raymond M Schiffelers 303 Raphael Schneider 120 304 Tine Hiorth Schøyen 2 Aaron Scott 305 Eriomina Shahaj 156 Shivani Sharma 306 307 308 Olga Shatnyeva 205 Faezeh Shekari 18 Ganesh Vilas Shelke 309 84 Ashok K Shetty 310 311 Kiyotaka Shiba 312 Pia R-M Siljander 313 314 Andreia M Silva 315 316 317 Agata Skowronek 318 Orman L Snyder 2nd 319 Rodrigo Pedro Soares 320 Barbara W Sódar 65 Carolina Soekmadji 238 321 Javier Sotillo 111 Philip D Stahl 322 Willem Stoorvogel 107 Shannon L Stott 323 324 Erwin F Strasser 325 Simon Swift 326 Hidetoshi Tahara 327 Muneesh Tewari 179 328 329 Kate Timms 330 Swasti Tiwari 331 332 Rochelle Tixeira 13 Mercedes Tkach 1 Wei Seong Toh 333 Richard Tomasini 334 Ana Claudia Torrecilhas 335 Juan Pablo Tosar 336 337 Vasilis Toxavidis 338 Lorena Urbanelli 339 Pieter Vader 303 Bas Wm van Balkom 340 Susanne G van der Grein 107 Jan Van Deun 90 91 Martijn Jc van Herwijnen 107 Kendall Van Keuren-Jensen 341 Guillaume van Niel 342 Martin E van Royen 343 Andre J van Wijnen 344 M Helena Vasconcelos 345 346 316 Ivan J Vechetti Jr 347 Tiago D Veit 348 Laura J Vella 349 350 Émilie Velot 351 Frederik J Verweij 342 Beate Vestad 352 353 354 Jose L Viñas 58 59 60 Tamás Visnovitz 65 Krisztina V Vukman 65 Jessica Wahlgren 355 Dionysios C Watson 356 357 Marca Hm Wauben 107 Alissa Weaver 358 Jason P Webber 75 Viktoria Weber 359 Ann M Wehman 360 Daniel J Weiss 361 Joshua A Welsh 169 Sebastian Wendt 362 Asa M Wheelock 363 Zoltán Wiener 65 Leonie Witte 140 141 Joy Wolfram 364 365 366 Angeliki Xagorari 367 Patricia Xander 368 Jing Xu 138 139 Xiaomei Yan 369 María Yáñez-Mó 370 371 Hang Yin 372 Yuana Yuana 373 Valentina Zappulli 374 Jana Zarubova 375 376 377 Vytautas Žėkas 378 Jian-Ye Zhang 379 Zezhou Zhao 2 Lei Zheng 155 Alexander R Zheutlin 285 Antje M Zickler 380 Pascale Zimmermann 381 382 Angela M Zivkovic 383 Davide Zocco 384 Ewa K Zuba-Surma 33
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
  • 2 The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 3 The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 4 Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 5 Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 6 Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
  • 7 University of California, Davis, Department of Otolaryngology, Davis, CA, USA.
  • 8 INSERM U1063, Université d'Angers, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.
  • 9 German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
  • 10 University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.
  • 11 Université de Lille, INSERM, U-1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, France.
  • 12 University of Lyon, INRA, EPHE, UMR754 Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, Lyon, France.
  • 13 La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia.
  • 14 Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, Canada.
  • 15 Mount Allison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sackville, Canada.
  • 16 Université Bretagne Loire, Oniris, INRA, IECM, Nantes, France.
  • 17 University of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine I, Cologne, Germany.
  • 18 Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Cell Science Research Center, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran.
  • 19 University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Department of Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran.
  • 20 Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 21 University of Malta, Department of Pathology, Msida, Malta.
  • 22 University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung Biology, Mobile, AL, USA.
  • 23 University of Technology Sydney, Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Sydney, Australia.
  • 24 University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
  • 25 National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • 26 Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, Canada.
  • 27 Ospedale Santo Spirito, Pescara, Italy.
  • 28 CSGI - Research Center for Colloids and Nanoscience, Florence, Italy.
  • 29 INSTM - National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Florence, Italy.
  • 30 University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy.
  • 31 University of Birmingham, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Birmingham, UK.
  • 32 University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • 33 Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Kraków, Poland.
  • 34 FEMTO-ST Institute, UBFC, CNRS, ENSMM, UTBM, Besançon, France.
  • 35 Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy.
  • 36 Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, REMAR-IVECAT Group, Badalona, Spain.
  • 37 Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Nephrology Service, Badalona, Spain.
  • 38 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Barcelona, Spain.
  • 39 INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.
  • 40 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
  • 41 Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology and Radiology, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 42 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
  • 43 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD, USA.
  • 44 Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  • 45 Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 46 Université de Nantes, INSERM UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissues, PhyOS, Nantes, France.
  • 47 Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
  • 48 The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
  • 49 UMR-CBMN, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
  • 50 Haaglanden Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Hague, The Netherlands.
  • 51 Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  • 52 Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 53 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
  • 54 Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
  • 55 Lund University, Department of Cardiology, Lund, Sweden.
  • 56 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE, USA.
  • 57 University of Edinburgh, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, Edinburgh, UK.
  • 58 Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
  • 59 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
  • 60 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • 61 Mayo Clinic, Department of Transplantation, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
  • 62 Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Freising, Germany.
  • 63 University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Torino, Italy.
  • 64 MTA-SE Immuno-Proteogenomics Research Groups, Budapest, Hungary.
  • 65 Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary.
  • 66 University of Michigan, Department of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 67 University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino, Italy.
  • 68 Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford, UK.
  • 69 University of Auckland, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • 70 National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
  • 71 National Tsing Hua University, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
  • 72 National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
  • 73 Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Reproductive Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany.
  • 74 Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • 75 Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
  • 76 UNICAMP, Institute of Biology, Campinas, Brazil.
  • 77 The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Columbus, OH, USA.
  • 78 The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
  • 79 Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
  • 80 University of Porto, Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUP), IBMC/I3S, Porto, Portugal.
  • 81 University of Oxford, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Acute Stroke Programme - Investigative Medicine, Oxford, UK.
  • 82 Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • 83 The University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.
  • 84 University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  • 85 University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
  • 86 University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
  • 87 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 88 IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.
  • 89 The Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
  • 90 Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
  • 91 Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium.
  • 92 Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
  • 93 Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), PVREX group, Badalona, Spain.
  • 94 ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, PVREX Group, Barcelona, Spain.
  • 95 Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium.
  • 96 Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
  • 97 Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
  • 98 Aston University, School of Life & Health Sciences, Birmingham, UK.
  • 99 Ghent University Hospital, Department of Urology, Ghent, Belgium.
  • 100 ETH Zurich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland.
  • 101 University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila, Italy.
  • 102 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • 103 TPM of Mirandola, Mirandola, Italy.
  • 104 University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Division of Oncology, Modena, Italy.
  • 105 University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, Brazil.
  • 106 University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Oulu, Finland.
  • 107 Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 108 Exogenus Therapeutics, Cantanhede, Portugal.
  • 109 McGill University, Division of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Canada.
  • 110 McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Child Health and Human Development Program, Montreal, Canada.
  • 111 James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Cairns, Australia.
  • 112 University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Biomaterials, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  • 113 Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK.
  • 114 Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 115 University of Virginia Health System, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
  • 116 CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Exosomes Laboratory & Metabolomics Platform, Derio, Spain.
  • 117 IKERBASQUE Research Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain.
  • 118 University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
  • 119 Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
  • 120 University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada.
  • 121 University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Sight-Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Aurora, CO, USA.
  • 122 German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany.
  • 123 University Hospital Heidelberg, Institute of Pathology, Applied Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany.
  • 124 Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
  • 125 Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.
  • 126 Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
  • 127 Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine Solna, Division for Immunology and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 128 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Pathology, Barcelona, Spain.
  • 129 University College London, London, UK.
  • 130 Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Munich, Germany.
  • 131 INSERM U1110, Strasbourg, France.
  • 132 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
  • 133 POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Department of Life Sciences, Pohang, South Korea.
  • 134 University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Essen, Germany.
  • 135 Paracelsus Medical University, GMP Unit, Salzburg, Austria.
  • 136 University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK.
  • 137 Karolinska Institute, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 138 BC Cancer, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, Canada.
  • 139 Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, Canada.
  • 140 University Medical Center Göttingen, Developmental Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
  • 141 University Medical Center Göttingen, Hematology and Oncology, Göttingen, Germany.
  • 142 IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Milan, Italy.
  • 143 Loyola University Chicago, Department of Urology, Maywood, IL, USA.
  • 144 Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg, Denmark.
  • 145 Aalborg University, Clinical Institute, Aalborg, Denmark.
  • 146 University of Massachusetts Medical School, RNA Therapeutics Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
  • 147 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
  • 148 Scintillon Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 149 University of California, San Diego, Department of Neurosurgery, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 150 Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, United Kingdom.
  • 151 Imperial College London, London, UK.
  • 152 MRC The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia.
  • 153 University Clinic Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
  • 154 Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt, Belgium.
  • 155 Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
  • 156 Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Milan, Italy.
  • 157 The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
  • 158 Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • 159 Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 160 University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Biosciences Research Group, Hatfield, UK.
  • 161 Istanbul University Oncology Institute, Basic Oncology Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • 162 German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg, Germany.
  • 163 Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Section 4242 - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • 164 University of Copenhagen, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • 165 University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, MD, USA.
  • 166 Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MN, USA.
  • 167 Department of Urology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
  • 168 University of Manchester, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK.
  • 169 National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.
  • 170 Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • 171 University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • 172 City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Duarte, CA, USA.
  • 173 German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Virology, Munich, Germany.
  • 174 University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
  • 175 The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 176 National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD, USA.
  • 177 National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
  • 178 University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
  • 179 University of Michigan, Biointerfaces Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 180 University of Michigan, Department of Urology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 181 École normale supérieure, Paris, France.
  • 182 Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia.
  • 183 Oslo University Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Blood Cell Research Group, Oslo, Norway.
  • 184 Kyung Hee University, Department of Applied Chemistry, Yongin, Korea.
  • 185 Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
  • 186 University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Canada.
  • 187 Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
  • 188 West Virginia University, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and WVU Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.
  • 189 West Virginia University, Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cell Biology, Morgantown, WV, USA.
  • 190 German Armed Forces Central Hospital, Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Koblenz, Germany.
  • 191 Saarland University Medical Center, Department of Medicine II, Homburg, Germany.
  • 192 University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, Belgrade, Serbia.
  • 193 University of Mainz, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Mainz, Germany.
  • 194 University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Neuropathology, Hamburg, Germany.
  • 195 Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
  • 196 Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Co., Kobe, Japan.
  • 197 Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
  • 198 Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt, Belgium.
  • 199 Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Research and Development, Helsinki, Finland.
  • 200 Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  • 201 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  • 202 Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Department of Cancer Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • 203 University of Virginia, Flow Cytometry Core, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
  • 204 University of California, San Diego, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 205 AstraZeneca, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  • 206 Eulji University, School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.
  • 207 Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore.
  • 208 Federal University of Paraná, Department of Genetics, Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Curitiba, Brazil.
  • 209 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • 210 University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, CA, USA.
  • 211 University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada.
  • 212 University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Cambridge NIHR BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub, Cambridge, UK.
  • 213 Semmelweis University, Department of Physiology, Budapest, Hungary.
  • 214 Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science and Technology (ASTAR), Singapore.
  • 215 Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
  • 216 Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Oslo, Norway.
  • 217 Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine & Regenerative Medicine Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 218 Stellenbosch University, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  • 219 Trinity College Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.
  • 220 Harvard University, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 221 Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, NeuroRepair Department, Warsaw, Poland.
  • 222 K.G. Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
  • 223 Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 224 Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 225 Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
  • 226 Universitat de València, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Àrea de Parasitologia, Valencia, Spain.
  • 227 Universitat de València, Health Research Institute La Fe, Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Valencia, Spain.
  • 228 Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, EPIGET LAB, Milan, Italy.
  • 229 A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.
  • 230 University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  • 231 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • 232 SickKids Hospital, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
  • 233 University of Toronto, Department of Anesthesia, Toronto, Canada.
  • 234 Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
  • 235 The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
  • 236 University of Antwerp, Centre for Proteomics, Antwerp, Belgium.
  • 237 Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany.
  • 238 QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.
  • 239 Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg, Denmark.
  • 240 EVSEARCH.DK, Denmark.
  • 241 Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
  • 242 Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), NARILIS, Namur, Belgium.
  • 243 Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Hematology-Hemostasis Laboratory, Yvoir, Belgium.
  • 244 University of Padova, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padova, Italy.
  • 245 Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
  • 246 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
  • 247 Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Freiburg, Germany.
  • 248 Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark.
  • 249 Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit Biology of Adaptation and Aging (B2A), Team Compensation in Neurodegenerative and Aging (Brain-C), Paris, France.
  • 250 University of Pisa, Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardio-Respiratoria, Pisa, Italy.
  • 251 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • 252 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 253 University of Liège, GIGA-R(MBD), PSI Laboratory, Liège, Belgium.
  • 254 Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, London, UK.
  • 255 National Cancer Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
  • 256 McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
  • 257 IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Madrid, Spain.
  • 258 Spanish Kidney Research Network, REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.
  • 259 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.
  • 260 Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
  • 261 AstraZeneca, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, Cambridge, UK.
  • 262 Statens Serum Institut, Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • 263 University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • 264 University of Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • 265 Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • 266 Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Molecular Oncology Programme, Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Madrid, Spain.
  • 267 IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Bologna, Italy.
  • 268 The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jupiter, FL, USA.
  • 269 Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
  • 270 Duke University Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
  • 271 Durham VAMC, Medical Research Service, Durham, NC, USA.
  • 272 Philipps University Marburg, Experimental Tumor Biology, Marburg, Germany.
  • 273 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.
  • 274 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Santiago, Chile.
  • 275 CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
  • 276 University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • 277 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • 278 The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA.
  • 279 Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • 280 University of Palermo, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Palermo, Italy.
  • 281 McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
  • 282 Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • 283 Universidade Federal de Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
  • 284 Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
  • 285 University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 286 Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, Israel.
  • 287 University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurosurgery, Hamburg, Germany.
  • 288 University of Minnesota Medical School, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
  • 289 CNC, Coimbra, Portugal.
  • 290 Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Salzburg, Austria.
  • 291 Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Salzburg, Austria.
  • 292 University of Lyon, Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060-INRA 1397), Pierre-Bénite, France.
  • 293 Maastricht University, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
  • 294 Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Rome, Italy.
  • 295 West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
  • 296 American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
  • 297 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Cardiology, New York City, NY, USA.
  • 298 Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile.
  • 299 University of Chile, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Santiago, Chile.
  • 300 Clínica las Condes, Extracellular Vesicles in Personalized Medicine Group, Santiago, Chile.
  • 301 Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Portland, OR, USA.
  • 302 Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Darmstadt, Germany.
  • 303 University Medical Center Utrecht, Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry & Hematology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 304 University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Toronto, Canada.
  • 305 University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
  • 306 University of California, Los Angeles, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • 307 University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • 308 University of California, Los Angeles, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • 309 University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Gothenburg, Sweden.
  • 310 Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA.
  • 311 Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
  • 312 Cancer Institute of JFCR, Tokyo, Japan.
  • 313 University of Helsinki, EV Core Facility, Helsinki, Finland.
  • 314 University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, EV group, Helsinki, Finland.
  • 315 INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal.
  • 316 University of Porto, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.
  • 317 University of Porto, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal.
  • 318 Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland.
  • 319 Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA.
  • 320 René Rachou Institute/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
  • 321 The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
  • 322 Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
  • 323 Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 324 Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 325 FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Transfusion and Haemostaseology Department, Erlangen, Germany.
  • 326 University of Auckland, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • 327 Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hiroshima, Japan.
  • 328 University of Michigan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 329 University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology/Oncology Division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 330 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
  • 331 Georgetown University, Department of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
  • 332 Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Lucknow, India.
  • 333 National University of Singapore, Faculty of Dentistry, Singapore.
  • 334 INSERM U1068, Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7258, Marseille, France.
  • 335 UNIFESP, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Diadema, Brazil.
  • 336 Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Functional Genomics Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay.
  • 337 Universidad de la República, Faculty of Science, Nuclear Research Center, Analytical Biochemistry Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay.
  • 338 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 339 University of Perugia, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Perugia, Italy.
  • 340 University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • 341 TGen, Neurogenomics Division, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
  • 342 Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Paris, France.
  • 343 Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
  • 344 Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rochester, MN, USA.
  • 345 IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • 346 University of Porto, Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUP), Porto, Portugal.
  • 347 University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY, USA.
  • 348 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
  • 349 The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
  • 350 The University of Melbourne, The Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia.
  • 351 UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
  • 352 Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
  • 353 Regional Research Network on Extracellular Vesicles, RRNEV, Oslo, Norway.
  • 354 University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
  • 355 University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Mölndal, Sweden.
  • 356 Case Western Reserve University, Department of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
  • 357 University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
  • 358 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN, USA.
  • 359 Danube University Krems, Department for Biomedical Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Krems an der Donau, Austria.
  • 360 University of Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany.
  • 361 The University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
  • 362 University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Aachen, Germany.
  • 363 Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 364 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou, China.
  • 365 Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, Houston, TX, USA.
  • 366 Mayo Clinic, Department of Transplantation Medicine/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
  • 367 George Papanicolaou Hospital, Public Cord Blood Bank, Department of Haematology - BMT Unit, Thessaloniki, Greece.
  • 368 Universidade Federal de São Paulo Campus Diadema, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, São Paulo, Brazil.
  • 369 Xiamen University, Department of Chemical Biology, Xiamen, China.
  • 370 Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.
  • 371 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain.
  • 372 Tsinghua University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China.
  • 373 Technical University Eindhoven, Faculty Biomedical Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
  • 374 University of Padova, Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova, Italy.
  • 375 Institute of Physiology CAS, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic.
  • 376 Institute of Physiology CAS, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic.
  • 377 University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
  • 378 Vilnius University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
  • 379 Guangzhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou, China.
  • 380 Karolinska Institute, Clinical Research Center, Unit for Molecular Cell and Gene Therapy Science, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 381 Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France.
  • 382 KU Leuven (Leuven University), Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.
  • 383 University of California, Davis, Department of Nutrition, Davis, CA, USA.
  • 384 Exosomics Siena SpA, Siena, Italy.
Abstract

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many Other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with Other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.

Keywords

ectosomes; exosomes; extracellular vesicles; guidelines; microparticles; microvesicles; minimal information requirements; reproducibility; rigor; standardization.

Figures