Elastolytic activity of cysteine cathepsins K, S, and V promotes vascular calcification

Elastin plays an important role in maintaining blood vessel integrity. Proteolytic degradation of elastin in the vascular system promotes the development of atherosclerosis, including blood vessel calcification. Cysteine cathepsins have been implicated in this process, however, their role in disease progression and associated complications remains unclear. Here, we showed that the degradation of vascular elastin by cathepsins (Cat) K, S, and V directly stimulates the mineralization of elastin and that mineralized insoluble elastin fibers were ~25-30% more resistant to CatK, S, and V degradation when compared to native elastin. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy investigations showed that insoluble elastin predigested by CatK, S, or V displayed an elemental percentage in calcium and phosphate up to 8-fold higher when compared to non-digested elastin. Cathepsin-generated elastin peptides increased the calcification of MOVAS-1 cells acting through the ERK1/2 pathway by 34-36%. We made similar observations when cathepsin-generated elastin peptides were added to ex vivo mouse aorta rings. Altogether, our data suggest that CatK-, S-, and V-mediated elastolysis directly accelerates the mineralization of the vascular matrix by the generation of nucleation points in the elastin matrix and indirectly by elastin-derived peptides stimulating the calcification by vascular smooth muscle cells. Both processes inversely protect against further extracellular matrix degradation.