Protective effect of peptide DR8 on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the TGF-β/MAPK signaling pathway and oxidative stress

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a fatal and irreversible lung disease that eventually causes respiratory failure, lung dysfunction and death. The peptide DHNNPQIR-NH₂ (DR8) has been reported to possess potent antioxidant activity, and an imbalance of oxidation/antioxidation is a crucial mechanism that causes PF. Here, we studied the ability of DR8 to improve PF and further explored the pathway in which DR8 plays a critical role. We found that after prophylactic or therapeutic treatment with DR8, fibrosis-associated indices, including marker proteins, proinflammatory cytokines and profibrogenic cytokines, were significantly downregulated. Importantly, DR8 could reduce bleomycin-induced pathological changes and collagen deposition, especially collagen I content. Furthermore, DR8 prominently upregulated nonenzymatic antioxidants and enzymatic antioxidants. Consistent with the in vivo results, we observed that DR8 significantly inhibited the proliferation and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation of A549 cells and NIH3T3 cells stimulated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), as well as decreased NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) levels under the same conditions. Moreover, DR8 reversed the TGF-β1-induced upregulation of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in cells and the bleomycin-induced upregulation of these indices in mice. Our results indicate that DR8 could prevent and treat PF by reducing oxidative damage and suppressing the TGF-β/MAPK pathway. Because of the high efficiency and low toxicity of DR8, we consider that DR8 could be a candidate drug for PF, and our studies establish a foundation for the development of a lead compound to be used as a therapy for fibrosis-related diseases.