2. Academic Validation
  3. CryoEM structures of the human CLC-2 voltage gated chloride channel reveal a ball and chain gating mechanism

CryoEM structures of the human CLC-2 voltage gated chloride channel reveal a ball and chain gating mechanism

  • bioRxiv. 2023 Nov 29:2023.08.13.553136. doi: 10.1101/2023.08.13.553136.
Mengyuan Xu 1,  Torben Neelands 1,  Alexander S Powers 2 3 4 5,  Yan Liu 6,  Steven D Miller 2,  Grigore Pintilie 7,  J Du Bois 2,  Ron O Dror 1 3 4 5,  Wah Chiu 6 7,  Merritt Maduke 1
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
  • 2 Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
  • 3 Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
  • 4 Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
  • 5 Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
  • 6 Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park 94025.
  • 7 Department of Bioengineering and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305.
PMID: 37645939 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.13.553136
Abstract

CLC-2 is a voltage-gated Chloride Channel that contributes to electrical excitability and ion homeostasis in many different mammalian tissues and cell types. Among the nine mammalian CLC homologs, CLC-2 is uniquely activated by hyperpolarization, rather than depolarization, of the plasma membrane. The molecular basis for the divergence in polarity of voltage gating mechanisms among closely related CLC homologs has been a long-standing mystery, in part because few CLC channel structures are available, and those that exist exhibit high conformational similarity. Here, we report cryoEM structures of human CLC-2 at 2.46 - 2.76 Å, in the presence and absence of the potent and selective inhibitor AK-42. AK-42 binds within the extracellular entryway of the Cl--permeation pathway, occupying a pocket previously proposed through computational docking studies. In the apo structure, we observed two distinct apo conformations of CLC-2 involving rotation of one of the cytoplasmic C-terminal domains (CTDs). In the absence of CTD rotation, an intracellular N-terminal 15-residue hairpin peptide nestles against the TM domain to physically occlude the Cl--permeation pathway from the intracellular side. This peptide is highly conserved among species variants of CLC-2 but is not present in any Other CLC homologs. Previous studies suggested that the N-terminal domain of CLC-2 influences channel properties via a "ball-and-chain" gating mechanism, but conflicting data cast doubt on such a mechanism, and thus the structure of the N-terminal domain and its interaction with the channel has been uncertain. Through electrophysiological studies of an N-terminal deletion mutant lacking the 15-residue hairpin peptide, we show that loss of this short sequence increases the magnitude and decreases the rectification of CLC-2 currents expressed in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we show that with repetitive hyperpolarization WT CLC-2 currents increase in resemblance to the hairpin-deleted CLC-2 currents. These functional results combined with our structural data support a model in which the N-terminal hairpin of CLC-2 stabilizes a closed state of the channel by blocking the cytoplasmic Cl--permeation pathway.

Keywords

chloride channel; cryo-electron microscopy; electrophysiology.

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