Xylopine
Based on 1 Customer Validation
Xylopine is an aporphine alkaloid with cytotoxic activity on cancer cells. Xylopine induces oxidative stress, causes G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 98.0%
- CAS No.: 517-71-5
- Formula: C18H17NO3
- Molecular Weight:295.33
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Biological Activity
Description
Cellular Effect
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-431 | ED50 |
4.6 μg/mL
Compound: 5
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Cytotoxicity against human A431 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human A431 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 8254346] |
| HT-1080 | ED50 |
2.2 μg/mL
Compound: 5
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Cytotoxicity against human HT1080 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human HT1080 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 8254346] |
| KB | ED50 |
2 μg/mL
Compound: 5
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Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 3 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 8254346] |
| KB-V1 | ED50 |
0.9 μg/mL
Compound: 5
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Cytotoxicity against vinblastine-resistant human KBV1 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against vinblastine-resistant human KBV1 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 8254346] |
| LNCaP | ED50 |
2.4 μg/mL
Compound: 5
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Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells after 3 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 8254346] |
| P388 | ED50 |
2.2 μg/mL
Compound: 5
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Cytotoxicity against mouse P388 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against mouse P388 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 8254346] |
| SK-MEL-2 | ED50 |
12.6 μg/mL
Compound: 5
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Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 8254346] |
| U-373MG ATCC | ED50 |
1.9 μg/mL
Compound: 5
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Cytotoxicity against human U373 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human U373 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 8254346] |
| ZR-75-1 | ED50 |
2.4 μg/mL
Compound: 5
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Cytotoxicity against human ZR-75-1 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human ZR-75-1 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 8254346] |
In Vitro
Xylopine (3.5 μM-14 μM; 24-48 hours) displays potent cytotoxicity in a time- and does-depenpent manner[1].
Xylopine (72 h) has cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values ranging from 6.4 to 26.6 μM in eight different cancer cell lines (MCF7, HCT116, HepG2, SCC-9, HSC-3, HL-60, K-562, and B16-F10)[1].
Xylopine (3.5 μM-14 μM; 24-48 hours) causes cell cycle block at the phase G2/M, which is followed by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation[1].
Xylopine (3.5 μM-14 μM; 24-48 hours) significantly increases the early and late apoptosis, induces mitochondrial depolarization, and increases caspase-3 activation[1].
Xylopine also causes an increase in the production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), including hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, but not superoxide anion, and reduces glutathione levels are decreased in Xylopine-treated HCT116 cells[1].
HCT116 cells[1]
3.5 μM, 7 μM, and 14 μM
24 hours, 48 hours
Induced G2/M phase arrest.
HCT116 cells[1]
3.5 μM, 7 μM, and 14 μM
24 hours, 48 hours
Significantly increased the early and late apoptosis.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
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Cell Line:HCT116 cells
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Concentration:3.5 μM, 7 μM, and 14 μM
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Incubation Time:24 hours, 48 hours
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Result:Displayed potent cytotoxicity in HCT116 cells.
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Cell Line:HCT116 cells
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Concentration:3.5 μM, 7 μM, and 14 μM
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Incubation Time:24 hours, 48 hours
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Result:Induced G2/M phase arrest.
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Cell Line:HCT116 cells
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Concentration:3.5 μM, 7 μM, and 14 μM
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Incubation Time:24 hours, 48 hours
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Result:Significantly increased the early and late apoptosis.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 517-71-5
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 295.33
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Formula C18H17NO3
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Color Light yellow to yellow
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SMILES
COC1=CC=C2C3=C4C(CCN[C@]4([H])CC2=C1)=CC5=C3OCO5
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (169.30 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (4.23 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (12.5 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (4.23 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (12.5 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL. * In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocols
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Detection of Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Cell Cytotoxicity Assay
Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.
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Flow cytometric DNA-content cell-cycle staining
Flow cytometric DNA-content cell-cycle staining measures the fluorescence intensity of DNA-bound fluorochromes in single cells or nuclei to estimate DNA content distributions, allowing assignment of populations to G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases by DNA histogram deconvolution. Propidium iodide (PI) intercalates into DNA, and PI fluorescence is proportional to cellular DNA content when staining is performed under conditions that make DNA accessible and minimize non-DNA signal. Cells with G2/M DNA content are expected to show approximately twice the fluorescence intensity of G0/G1 cells, while S-phase cells occupy intermediate fluorescence values. PI-based DNA-content analysis can also detect cells with fractional DNA content, often reported as sub-G1, when DNA fragmentation and extraction during staining reduce retained DNA signal in apoptotic cells. DAPI is an alternative DNA fluorochrome for univariate DNA-content analysis, while bivariate approaches combining DNA content with proliferation
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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ROS/oxidative-stress fluorescent staining
ROS/oxidative-stress fluorescent staining uses cell-permeant fluorogenic probes that become fluorescent after oxidation inside cells or tissues; commonly used examples include DCFH-DA/DCFDA for broad cellular oxidant detection, DHE for superoxide-related signal detection, MitoSOX for mitochondrial superoxide-related signal detection, and CellROX probes for oxidative-stress-associated fluorescence readouts. The assay detects probe oxidation rather than a single ROS species unless the probe and analysis method have been chemically validated for that species. DCFH-DA enters cells, is deacetylated by intracellular esterases to DCFH, and produces fluorescent DCF after oxidation, so the readout is used as an operational measure of total cellular oxidative stress rather than a species-specific ROS measurement. DHE and MitoSOX can report superoxide-related oxidation, but red fluorescence alone can include non-specific ethidium-like oxidation products; HPLC or optimized spectral approaches are
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BrdU Incorporation Assay
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay is based on the principle that BrdU, a thymidine analog, is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle, thereby serving as a marker of DNA replication and cellular proliferation. Incorporated BrdU can be detected using anti-BrdU antibodies following DNA denaturation, enabling visualization or quantification of proliferating cells through immunochemical detection methods such as immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry.
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Protocol for Cell Cycle
Cell-cycle analysis by flow cytometry measures DNA content in single cells to estimate the fraction of cells in G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases. Propidium iodide intercalates into DNA, and after RNA removal with RNase, fluorescence intensity reflects cellular DNA content: 2N cells are assigned to G0/G1, cells between 2N and 4N to S phase, and 4N cells to G2/M. DNA-content analysis alone cannot reliably separate G0 from G1 or G2 from M. Ki-67 can distinguish quiescent G0 cells from cycling cells, EdU or BrdU incorporation marks active DNA synthesis in S phase, and phospho-histone H3 staining identifies mitotic cells within the 4N population.
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Cell Viability Determination by MTT Colorimetric Assay
The following protocol uses the MTT colorimetric assay as a classic literature-established method for assessing cell viability/metabolic activity in cultured mammalian cells. MTT[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] is reduced by metabolically active cells to a colored formazan product; the amount of formazan is quantified spectrophotometrically and provides an indirect measure of metabolically active viable cells. Importantly, MTT reduction reflects cellular oxidoreductase/metabolic activity rather than an absolute direct count of living cells, so changes in cellular metabolism can alter the signal independently of cell number.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (278 KB)
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SDS (252 KB)
- English - EN (252 KB)
- Français - FR (252 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (252 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (252 KB)
- Español - ES (252 KB)
- Swedish - SV (252 KB)
- Italian - IT (252 KB)
- Korean - KR (252 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (252 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.3860 mL | 16.9302 mL | 33.8604 mL | 84.6511 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.6772 mL | 3.3860 mL | 6.7721 mL | 16.9302 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3386 mL | 1.6930 mL | 3.3860 mL | 8.4651 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2257 mL | 1.1287 mL | 2.2574 mL | 5.6434 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1693 mL | 0.8465 mL | 1.6930 mL | 4.2326 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1354 mL | 0.6772 mL | 1.3544 mL | 3.3860 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1129 mL | 0.5643 mL | 1.1287 mL | 2.8217 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0847 mL | 0.4233 mL | 0.8465 mL | 2.1163 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0677 mL | 0.3386 mL | 0.6772 mL | 1.6930 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0564 mL | 0.2822 mL | 0.5643 mL | 1.4109 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0423 mL | 0.2116 mL | 0.4233 mL | 1.0581 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0339 mL | 0.1693 mL | 0.3386 mL | 0.8465 mL |
Xylopine Related Classifications
HY-N9534 Related Classifications
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