Liver Disease Models

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 (LPS, from Escherichia coli (O55:B5)) are endotoxins and TLR4 activators extracted from Escherichia coli (E. coli O55:B5) and are classified as S (smooth) type LPS. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 possess the typical three-part structure: O-antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 activate TLR-4 in immune cells, exhibit high pyrogenicity, and demonstrate dose and serotype specificity. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 can be widely used to induce cellular inflammation and establish animal models related to inflammation.
It is recommended to prepare a solution with concentration ≥2 mg/mL. Vortex thoroughly for more than 10 minutes. Due to the adsorption characteristics of LPS, silanized container or low adsorption centrifuge tubes should be used for aliquoting and storage, and mix thoroughly before use.

Streptozotocin (Streptozocin; STZ) is an antibiotic widely used in experimental animal models of induced diabetes. Streptozotocin enters B cells via the glucose transporter (GLUT2) and causes the alkylation of DNA ( DNA-methylating ). Streptozotocin can induce the apoptosis of β cells.

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 25.8 μM; is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic agent.. Acetaminophen is a potent hepatic N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) inhibitor. Acetaminophen induces ferroptosis and leads to acute liver injury in mice model.

Triptolide is a diterpenoid triepoxide extracted from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii with immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antitumour effects. Triptolide is a NF-κB activation inhibitor.

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 (LPS, from Escherichia coli (O111:B4)) are endotoxins and TLR4 activators extracted from Escherichia coli (E. coli O111:B4) and are classified as S (smooth) type LPS. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), from E. coli O111:B4 possess the typical three-part structure: O-antigen, R3-type core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), from E. coli O111:B4 activate TLR-4 in immune cells and can cause significant gastric diseases. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), from E. coli O111:B4 can be used to induce cellular inflammation and establish animal models related to inflammation.
It is recommended to prepare a solution with concentration ≥2 mg/mL. Vortex thoroughly for more than 10 minutes. Due to the adsorption characteristics of LPS, silanized container or low adsorption centrifuge tubes should be used for aliquoting and storage, and mix thoroughly before use.

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with oral activity. Tetracycline exhibits activity against a wide range of bacteria including gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas and rickettsiae. Tetracycline can be used for the research of infections.

N-Nitrosodiethylamine (Diethylnitrosamine) is a potent hepatocarcinogenic dialkylnitrosoamine. N-Nitrosodiethylamine is mainly present in tobacco smoke, water, cheddar cheese, cured, fried meals and many alcoholic beverages. N-Nitrosodiethylamine is responsible for the changes in the nuclear enzymes associated with DNA repair/replication. N-Nitrosodiethylamine results in various tumors in all animal species. The main target organs are the nasal cavity, trachea, lung, esophagus and liver.

Tetracycline hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with oral activity. Tetracycline hydrochloride exhibits activity against a wide range of bacteria including gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas and rickettsiae. Tetracycline hydrochloride can be used for the research of infections.

Thioacetamide (TAA) is an indirect hepatotoxin and causes parenchymal cell necrosis. Thioacetamide requires metabolic activation by microsomal CYP2E1 to thioacetamide-S-oxide initially and then to thioacetamide-S-dioxide, which is a highly reactive metabolite, and its reactive metabolites covalently bind to proteins and lipids thereby causing oxidative stress and centrilobular necrosis. Thioacetamide can induce chronic liver fibrosis, encephalopathy and other events model.

Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a potent Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Phenytoin has antiepileptic activity and reduces breast tumour growth and metastasis in mice.

Diethyl 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate is an orally active porphyrin inducer and ferrochelatase inhibitor. Diethyl 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate can induce small bile duct obstruction in mice, resulting in blocked bile excretion and causing cholestasis. Long-term use of Diethyl 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate can cause damage to bile duct epithelial cells, inflammatory responses, and liver fibrosis. Diethyl 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate can be used to simulate the pathological features of cholestatic liver diseases such as sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

Acifluorfen, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitor herbicide, promotes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), and induces tumors in the rodent liver. Acifluorfen causes strong photooxidative destruction of pigments and lipids in sensitive plant species.

8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate, a furanoid, is abundant in Dioscorea bulbifera L.. 8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate exhibits broad-spectrum plasmid-curing activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. 8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate induces liver injury in mice.