Proteome-Wide Characterizations of N6-Methyl-Adenosine Triphosphate- and N6-Furfuryl-Adenosine Triphosphate-Binding Capabilities of Kinases

Kinases catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to their protein and small-molecule substrates, and this phosphorylation is a crucial element of multiple cell signaling pathways. Herein, we employed isotope-coded ATP acyl-phosphate probes, in conjunction with a multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM)-based targeted proteomic method for proteome-wide identifications of endogenous kinases that can bind to two N⁶-modified ATP derivatives, N⁶-methyl-ATP (N⁶-Me-ATP), and N⁶-furfuryl-ATP (a.k.a. kinetin triphosphate, KTP). We found that, among the ∼300 quantified kinases, 27 and 18 are candidate kinases that can bind to KTP and N⁶-Me-ATP, respectively. Additionally, GSK3α and GSK3β are among the kinases that can bind to both ATP analogues. Moreover, the in vitro biochemical assay showed that GSK3β could employ N⁶-Me-ATP but not KTP as the phosphate group donor to phosphorylate its substrate peptide. Molecular modeling studies provided insights into the differences between N⁶-Me-ATP and KTP in enabling the GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation. Together, our chemoproteomic approach led to the identification of endogenous kinases that can potentially be targeted by the two ATP analogues. The approach should be generally applicable for assessing endogenous kinases targeted by other ATP and purine analogues.