Activation of the mevalonate pathway in response to anti-cancer treatments drives glioblastoma recurrences through activation of Rac-1

Glioblastoma is the deadliest adult brain Cancer. Under the current standard of care almost all patients succumb to the disease and novel treatments are urgently needed. Dopamine Receptor antagonists have been shown to target Cancer cell plasticity in GBM and repurposing these FDA-approved drugs in combination with radiation improves the efficacy of radiotherapy in glioma models. In cells surviving this combination treatment the mevalonate pathway is upregulated at the transcriptional and functional level. Here we report that glioblastoma treatments that converge in the immediate early response to radiation through activation of the MAPK cascade universally upregulate the mevalonate pathway and increase stemness of GBM cells through activation of the Rho-GTPase Rac-1. Activation of the mevalonate pathway and Rac-1 is inhibited by statins, which leads to improved survival in mouse models of glioblastoma when combined with radiation and drugs that target the glioma stem cell pool and plasticity of glioma cells.