Intratumoral amino acid insufficiency limits CD8+ T-cell effector function

Loss of effector function is a hallmark of tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T-cells that have lost therapeutic efficacy. This impaired capacity occurs despite expression of transcripts encoding cytotoxic proteins, raising the possibility that post-transcriptional suppression of cytotoxic protein synthesis limits anti-tumor immunity. Whether altered protein synthesis contributes to CD8⁺ T-cell dysfunction has not been explored. Here we show that intratumoral amino acid availability restricts the cytotoxic capacity of CD8⁺ TILs by perturbing their ability to sustain protein synthesis. mRNA translation rates in antigen-specific CD8⁺ T-cells were rapidly and specifically suppressed within tumors but not tumor-draining lymph nodes, due to a combination of increased amino acid demand and reduced amino acid availability. Mechanistically, amino acid-dependent uncharging of tRNA^Gln in T-cells persistently exposed to antigen was sufficient to suppress protein synthesis in a manner that is independent of either activation of the integrated stress response or suppression of mTORC1 activation. Finally, suppressing intracellular Glutaminase activity or ectopically overexpressing the Amino acid Transporter SLC6A15 was sufficient to restore CD8⁺ T-cell effector function. These results establish a novel mechanism by which nutrient availability in the tumor microenvironment limits T-cell function and demonstrate how enhancing T cell-specific amino acid availability can sustain T-cell effector function and potentiate anti-tumor immunity.