GDF-11/BMP-11 Protein, Human (HEK293, solution)

GDF-11/BMP-11 is a secreted signaling protein with a global regulatory impact on anterior/posterior axial patterning during development and is implicated in critical roles in mesodermal and neural tissue patterning. Essential for proper vertebral and orofacial development, GDF-11/BMP-11 transmits signals through activin receptors type-2 (ACVR2A and ACVR2B) and activin receptors type-1 (ACVR1B, ACVR1C, and TGFBR1), leading to the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3. The protein forms homodimers through disulfide linkages and interacts directly with ACVR2A, ACVR2B, ACVR1B, TGFBR1, and ACVR1C, the latter in an ACVR2B-dependent manner. Additionally, GDF-11/BMP-11 engages with FST isoform 2/FS-288, highlighting its intricate interactions with key receptors in the signaling pathway.

GDF-11/BMP-11 (5, 10, 20, and 40 ng/mL; 7 d) maintains the colony and cellular morphology of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESC), maintains POU5f1, NANOG, TRA-1-60, and SSEA4 expression, and displays increased SMAD2/3 phosphorylation in serum-free medium at 20 ng/mL concentration^[4].
GDF-11/BMP-11 (50-400 ng/mL; 2 d) induces browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes via coordination of multiple signalling pathways, including mTORC1-COX2 and p38MAPK-PGC-1α as non-canonical pathways, as well as Smad1/5/8 as a canonical pathway^[5].