A novel bovine CXCL15 gene in the GRO chemokine gene cluster

In our previous transcriptomic studies using DNA microarray analysis, a probe designed from an unknown expressed sequence tag (EST) showed significant differential gene expression in the pharyngeal epithelia. The objectives of this study are to annotate the gene sequence and compare the gene transcription levels among different bovine tissues based on our published microarray data. The gene transcribing the EST contains a 90-amino-acid protein sequence. The results of bioinformatic analyses using comparative genetics, multiple sequence alignments, phylogenetic analysis and promoter sequence analysis indicated that this gene is a novel ELR+ CXCL gene orthologous to mouse CXCL15. The gene is highly conserved in ruminants and exists in many other mammals but not in chickens, primates or pigs. Phylogenetic analysis and gene structures showed that CXCL15 is closer to CXCL8 than to other ELR+ CXCLs. Our microarray data show that bovine CXCL15 expression was higher in laser capture micro-dissected bovine pharyngeal epithelia than in the whole pharyngeal tissues, which agrees with the expression in mice. However, unlike the high expression in the mouse lung, our results showed that the bovine nasal turbinate, dorsal nasopharynx, dorsal soft palate and tongue expressed higher levels of CXCL15 than the lung and skins. Promoter analysis showed that ruminants have more immune-related transcription factor binding sites in the proximal promoters of CXCL15 than mouse. CXCL15 has previously only been reported in mice and has neutrophil chemotactic activity. Given the critical roles of neutrophils in innate immunity, this study provides useful information for further characterization of bovine CXCL15.

Bovine; CXCL15; ELR+ chemokines; GRO chemokine gene cluster; Proximal promoter; Tissue gene expression; Transcription factor binding sites.