Lung-Selective Delivery of mRNA-Encoding Anti-MERS-CoV Nanobody Exhibits Neutralizing Activity Both In Vitro and In Vivo

Background/Objectives: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic virus causing severe respiratory illness, with limited treatment options that are mostly supportive. The success of mRNA technology in COVID-19 vaccines has opened avenues for antibody development against MERS-CoV. mRNA-based antibodies, expressed in vivo, offer rapid adaptability to viral mutations while minimizing long-term side effects. This study aimed to develop a lung-targeted lipid nanoparticle (LNP) system for mRNA-encoding neutralizing nanobodies against MERS-CoV, proposing a novel therapeutic strategy. Methods: An mRNA-encoding nanobody NbMS10 (mRNA-NbMS10) was engineered for enhanced stability and reduced immunogenicity. This mRNA was encapsulated in lung-selective LNPs using microfluidics to form the LNP-mRNA-NbMS10 system. Efficacy was assessed through in vitro assays and in vivo mouse studies, focusing on antigen-binding, neutralization, and sustained nanobody expression in lung tissues. Results: The LNP-mRNA-NbMS10 system expressed the nanobody in vitro, showing strong antigen-binding and significant MERS-CoV pseudovirus neutralization. In vivo studies confirmed selective lung mRNA delivery, with high nanobody expression sustained for up to 24 h, confirming lung specificity and prolonged Antiviral activity. Conclusions: Extensive in vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrate the LNP-mRNA-NbMS10 system's potential as a scalable, cost-effective, and adaptable alternative to current MERS-CoV therapies. This innovative platform offers a promising solution for preventing and treating respiratory infections, and countering emerging viral threats.

MERS-CoV; lung-selective LNPs; mRNA; nanobody.