Iron Deficiency Anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia worldwide, resulting from insufficient iron stores that impair hemoglobin synthesis and reduce the production of healthy red blood cells necessary for oxygen transport. It commonly affects women of childbearing age and infants due to increased iron demands or inadequate dietary intake, and can also arise from chronic blood loss, malabsorption, or poor iron absorption. The condition progresses through stages, with early signs including depleted bone marrow iron stores while hemoglobin and serum iron remain normal. As it advances, symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath, and lightheadedness develop due to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues. Diagnosis is confirmed by blood tests showing low serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation, along with elevated total iron-binding capacity. Treatment involves addressing underlying causes—such as bleeding or dietary deficiencies—and restoring iron levels through oral supplements or dietary modifications. Without intervention, iron deficiency anemia can impair growth and development in children and lead to long-term complications.