TGF beta 2/TGFB2 Protein, Mouse/Rat (HEK293)

Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), an extracellular glycosylated protein, is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. TGFβ2 controls key physiological processes including cell migration, proliferation and differentiation via signalling through type I and type II receptors (TGFβR1 and TGFβR2). TGF-β2 is an immune suppressor involved in the development of immune tolerance, and also regulates embryonic development^[1][2]. TGF beta 2/TGFB2 Protein, Mouse/Rat (HEK293) is produced in HEK293 cells, and consists of 112 amino acids (A303-S414).

In mammals, three different isoforms of TGF-β are described (TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3; transforming growth factor beta) to regulate apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion processes utilising overlapping but not redundant mechanisms. All three isoforms are expressed in the liver, but their expression is differentially distributed among liver cell types. TGF-β2 expression in different liver cell types and is also associated with developmental defects and fibrotic diseases in mice^[1][2][3].
The sequence of amino acids in TGF-β2 proteins from different species is very stable, which leads to the conclusion that in the process of evolution, TGF-β2 has been only slightly altered, and that both in humans and in animals, its function is similar.
TGFβ2 is a transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) family cytokine, with members of this cytokine family playing broad regulatory roles and controlling key physiological processes including cell migration, proliferation and differentiation via signalling through type I and type II receptors (TGFβR1 and TGFβR2), with signals propagating via the downstream regulatory SMAD proteins. This TGFβ/SMAD pathway is frequently dysregulated in human cancer. TGFβ cytokines are capable of suppressing T cell growth in response to IL‐2. The degree of TGFβ2 expression correlated with the expression of several different markers of immune cell subsets within tumours. In addition, TGF-β2 regulates embryonic development and, therefore not surprisingly, global Tgfb2 null mice exhibit a wide range of developmental defects and perinatal mortality^[1][2][3].
TGF-β2 is an immune suppressor involved in the development of immune tolerance, and recombinant TGF-β2 incubation is more potent than TGF-β1 or TGF-β3 in suppressing macrophage inflammatory responses. TGF-β2 is shown to correlate with bad prognosis in intrahepatic CCAs and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, canonical Smad signalling as well as crosstalk with Yap, Hippo, Wnt and β-catenin signalling have been demonstrated in the liver and other organs^[1][2][3].

Recombinant human TGF-β2 (0.125 ng/mL, 1 ng/mL, 4 ng/mL) induces nonpermissive culture podocytes switch to G2/M arrest and apoptosis, selectively at advanced TGF-β concentrations and specifically in association with suppression of Cdkn2b and activation of proapoptotic p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, in conditionally immortalized murine podocytes^[4].
Recombinant TGF-β2 (0.25-2.5 ng/mL; for 72 h) shows a dose-dependent proliferation inhibition in rat epithelial cell line (IEC-6)^[6].

Recombinant mouse TGF-β2 (12 ng/kg; for 13 days; osmotic pump) treatment reverses the detrimental metabolic effects of high fat feeding in mice, reduces fat mass and attenuates white adipose tissue inflammation^[1].
Recombinant human TGF-β2 (20, 100, and 400 μg/kg; for 9 weeks) causes modest increases in systolic blood pressure and proteinuria and minimal tubular interstitial fibrosis in normal male Sprague Dawley rats^[5].

Measured by its ability to inhibit the IL-4-dependent proliferation of HT‑2 mouse T cells. The ED₅₀ for this effect is <0.2 ng/mL.

• 
  Measured by its ability to inhibit the IL-4-dependent proliferation of HT‑2 mouse T cells. The ED₅₀ for this effect is 0.1368 ng/mL, corresponding to a specific activity is 7.31×10⁶ units/mg.

Mouse; Rat

HEK293

Tag Free

P27090 (A303-S414)

21808  [NCBI]

ALDAAYCFRNVQDNCCLRPLYIDFKRDLGWKWIHEPKGYNANFCAGACPYLWSSDTQHTKVLSLYNTINPEASASPCCVSQDLEPLTILYYIGNTPKIEQLSNMIVKSCKCS

Approximately 12.0 kDa

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  Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Lyophilized powder.

Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 4 mM HCl.

<1 EU/μg, determined by LAL method.

It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100 μg/mL in 4 mM HCl. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS or 5% Trehalose).

Stored at -20°C for 2 years. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.

Room temperature in continental US;may vary elsewhere.

• [1]. Hirokazu Takahashi, et al. TGF-β2 is an exercise-induced adipokine that regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Nat Metab. 2019 Feb;1(2):291-303.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Zunqiang Xiao, et al. TGFβ2 is a prognostic-related biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in gastric cancer. J Cell Mol Med. 2020 Jul;24(13):7151-7162.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Anne Dropmann, et al. TGF-β2 silencing to target biliary-derived liver diseases. Gut. 2020 Sep;69(9):1677-1690.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Dona T Wu, et al. TGF-beta concentration specifies differential signaling profiles of growth arrest/differentiation and apoptosis in podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Nov;16(11):3211-21.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. F J Kelly, et al. Acute and chronic renal effects of recombinant human TGF-beta2 in the rat. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999 Jun;10(6):1264-73.  [Content Brief]

  [6]. B van't Land, et al. Transforming Growth Factor-beta2 protects the small intestine during methotrexate treatment in rats possibly by reducing stem cell cycling. Br J Cancer. 2002 Jul 1;87(1):113-8.  [Content Brief]