2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W705168
    Yangonin-d3
    Yangonin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Yangonin (HY-N0919). Yangonin exhibits affinity for the human recombinant cannabinoid CB1 receptor with an IC50 and a Ki of 1.79 μM and 0.72 μM, respectively.
    Yangonin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N6626R
    Pyraclostrobin (Standard)
    Pyraclostrobin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyraclostrobin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pyraclostrobin is a highly effective and broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide. Pyraclostrobin can induce oxidative DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy through the activation of AMPK/mTOR signaling. Pyraclostrobin can be used to control crop diseases.
    Pyraclostrobin (Standard)
  • HY-157759
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-C2-OH
    		Inducer
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-C2-OH is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-C2-OH can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN proteins and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-C2-OH
  • HY-N0567R
    Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hydroxysafflor yellow A. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Safflomin A) is a natural product of flavonoids isolated from safflower. Hydroxysafflor yellow A can inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis through the autophagy pathway. Hydroxysafflor yellow A has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects. Hydroxysafflor yellow A can be used in the study of cardiovascular disease.
    Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Standard)
  • HY-N1318S
    Salvigenin-d9
    		Inducer
    Salvigenin-d9 is the deuterium labeled Salvigenin. Salvigenin is a natural polyphenolic compound, with neuroprotective effect. Salvigenin has antitumor cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties.
    Salvigenin-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-131912
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG8-Ts
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG8-Ts is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 8-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology, such as IDO1 PROTAC degrader (HY-131911).
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG8-Ts
  • HY-P0018C
    Pepstatin acetate
    		Inhibitor
    Pepstatin (Pepstatin A) acetate is a specific, orally active aspartic protease inhibitor produced by actinomycetes, with IC50s of 4.5 nM, 6.2 nM, 150 nM, 290 nM, 520 nM and 260 nM for hemoglobin-pepsin, hemoglobin-proctase, casein-pepsin, casein-proctase, casein-acid protease and hemoglobin-acid protease, respectively. Pepstatin acetate also inhibits HIV protease.
    Pepstatin acetate
  • HY-141010B
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine TFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine TFA
  • HY-P10343
    Soybean peptide QRPR
    		Agonist
    Soybean peptide QRPR is an agonist of Autophagy. Soybean peptide QRPR activates cellular autophagy by upregulating the expression and activity of PIK3, AKT, and mTOR. Soybean peptide QRPR can reduce the inflammatory response.
    Soybean peptide QRPR
  • HY-14832S
    Ataluren-d4
    Ataluren-d4 (PTC124-d4) is the deuterium labeled Ataluren (HY-14832). Ataluren (PTC124) is an orally available CFTR-G542X nonsense allele inhibitor.
    Ataluren-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-149566
    Thalidomide-5-O-C9-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.59%
    Thalidomide-5-O-C9-NH2 hydrochloride is the Thalidomide (HY-10984)-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein.Thalidomide-5-O-C9-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5-O-C9-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-14600R
    Rosiglitazone maleate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone (maleate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rosiglitazone (maleate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rosiglitazone maleate (BRL 49653C) is a potent and selective activator of PPARγ, with EC50s of 30 nM, 100 nM and 60 nM for PPARγ1, PPARγ2, and PPARγ, respectively, and a Kd of appr 40 nM for PPARγ; Rosiglitazone maleate is also an modulator of TRP channels, inhibits TRP melastatin 2 (TRPM2), TRPM3 and activates TRP canonical 5 (TRPC5).
    Rosiglitazone maleate (Standard)
  • HY-183835
    Autophagy-IN-10
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy-IN-10 is an Autophagy inhibitor and an inhibitor of ATG5 interaction with other proteins, with an IC50 value of 2.29 μM against ATG5-ATG16L1 and an IC50 value of 3.68 μM against ATG5-TECAIR.
    Autophagy-IN-10
  • HY-138854A
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-15206R
    Glibenclamide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Glibenclamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glibenclamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glibenclamide (Glyburide) is an orally active ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) inhibitor and can be used for the research of diabetes and obesity. Glibenclamide inhibits P-glycoprotein. Glibenclamide directly binds and blocks the SUR1 subunits of KATP and inhibits the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR). Glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability. Glibenclamide can induce autophagy.
    Glibenclamide (Standard)
  • HY-B1370S
    Hydroxychloroquine-d4 sulfate
    		Inhibitor
    Hydroxychloroquine-d4 (sulfate) is the deuterium labeled Hydroxychloroquine sulfate. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ sulfate) is a synthetic antimalarial agent which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
    Hydroxychloroquine-d<sub>4</sub> sulfate
  • HY-B0957S
    Erythromycin ethylsuccinate-13C,d3
    		Inhibitor
    Erythromycin ethylsuccinate-13C,d3 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate. Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin. Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate has antiviral activity against HIV-1.
    Erythromycin ethylsuccinate-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-10225S
    Belinostat-d5
    Belinostat-d5 (PXD101-d5) is the deuterium labeled Belinostat (HY-10225). Belinostat (PXD101; PX105684) is a potent HDAC inhibitor with an IC50 of 27 nM in HeLa cell extracts.
    Belinostat-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-178378
    G9a-IN-4
    		Activator
    G9a-IN-4 is a G9a inhibitor with high selectivity (IC50 = 32 nM). G9a-IN-4 shows high selectivity against the other tested lysine/arginine methyltransferases. G9a-IN-4 exhibits high enzymatic activity against G9a and more potent antiproliferative effects against all tested cancer cells. G9a-IN-4 significantly suppresses the H3K9me2 level. G9a-IN-4 triggers autophagy by inducing the production of ROS, thus leading to cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 in CT26 colon cells. G9a-IN-4 can be used for the study of colon cancer.
    G9a-IN-4
  • HY-156172
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG6-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG6-NH2 hydrochloride is the Thalidomide (HY-10984)-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein.Thalidomide-NH-PEG6-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG6-NH2 hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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