Metabolic flux analysis: MFA

Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is a new approach in metabolomics research that uses stable isotope-labeled compounds as tracers to investigate intracellular metabolic and specific pathways. Stable isotope tracing techniques, usually based on ¹³C and ¹⁵N tracers, have emerged as the most accurate and widely used techniques in MFA. By combining metabolomics and MFA, we can better understand variations in metabolite levels, flow distribution, and turnover rates within the intracellular metabolic network. This approach enables the identification of main metabolic abnormal pathways and their biological functions, as well as uncovering the upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms. This comprehensive insight provides a strong scientific basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying disease development, in addition to discovering and confirming potential drug targets. To understand how to screen isotope-labeled compounds as tracers in MFA experiments, please refer to the summary of the one-stop screening process for ¹³C tracers in MFA by Professor Dong-Hyun Kim et al.^[1].

Figure 1. A typical carbon labelling experiment (CLE) workflow^[1].

References:

[1] RSC Adv. 2022 Sep 7; 12 (39):25528-25548.

Metabolic flux analysis: MFA (1331):

Cat. No.	Product Name	CAS No.	Purity	Chemical Structure

HY-B0389A

D-Glucose-¹³C₆	110187-42-3	99.93%
D-Glucose-¹³C₆ is a stable isotope-labeled counterpart of D-glucose (HY-B0389). D-Glucose-¹³C₆ can be used as a metabolic tracer to trace glucose-related synthetic catabolism or as synthesis ingredient, minimal media reagent, and internal standard.

HY-N0830S6

Palmitic acid-¹³C₁₆	56599-85-0	99.72%
Palmitic acid-¹³C₁₆ is the ¹³C-labeled Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. PA can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells.

HY-Y0479S

L-Lactic acid-¹³C₃	87684-87-5	99.9%
L-Lactic acid-¹³C₃ is a ¹³C-labeled L-Lactic acid (HY-Y0479). L-Lactic acid-¹³C₃ can be used for lactate metabolism research.

HY-N0455AS8

L-Arginine-¹³C₆,¹⁵N₄ hydrochloride	202468-25-5	99.85%
L-Arginine-¹³C₆,¹⁵N₄ (hydrochloride) is the ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-labeled L-Arginine hydrochloride. L-Arginine hydrochloride ((S)-(+)-Arginine hydrochloride) is the nitrogen donor for synthesis of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that is deficient during times of sickle cell crisis.

HY-N0390S8

L-Glutamine-¹⁵N₂	204451-48-9	99.10%
L-Glutamine-¹⁵N₂ is the ¹⁵N-labeled L-Glutamine (HY-N0390). L-Glutamine is an orally active nutritional agent and cellular metabolism regulator. L-Glutamine is taken up in a Na⁺-dependent manner and targets multiple key molecules including glutaminase, mTORC1, NF-κB, STAT-3 and HIF-1α. L-Glutamine enhances glutaminolytic catabolism, drives the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, thereby regulating gene expression, integrating metabolic signals, mediating glutamine flux and maintaining redox homeostasis. L-Glutamine also promotes cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing, exerts neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects, and inhibits osteoarthritis. L-Glutamine can be applied to research related to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ischemic stroke and acute cantharidin-induced cardiotoxicity.

HY-N0733S5

Glucosamine-¹³C₆,¹⁵N hydrochloride
Glucosamine-¹³C₆,¹⁵N hydrochloride is the ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids.

HY-W011012S2

Adenosine-5'-monophosphate-¹⁵N₅ disodium	1257642-75-3
Adenosine-5'-monophosphate-¹⁵N₅ (disodium) is the deuterium labeled Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt.

HY-B0228S1

Adenosine-¹³C₅	159496-13-6	99.9%
Adenosine-¹³C₅ is the ¹³C labeled Adenosine. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.

HY-N1446S2

Oleic acid-¹³C₁₈	287100-82-7	99.90%
Oleic acid-¹³C₁₈ is the ¹³C labeled Oleic acid (HY-N1446). Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator.

HY-W013636S

2-Ketoglutaric acid-¹³C₅	161096-83-9	99.92%
2-Ketoglutaric acid-¹³C₅ (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid-¹³C₅) is a ¹³C labeled 2-Ketoglutaric acid (HY-W013636). 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC₅₀=15 mM).

HY-N0455AS6

L-Arginine-¹³C₆ hydrochloride	201740-91-2	99.00%
L-Arginine-¹³C₆ (hydrochloride) is the ¹³C-labeled L-Arginine hydrochloride. L-Arginine hydrochloride ((S)-(+)-Arginine hydrochloride) is the nitrogen donor for synthesis of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that is deficient during times of sickle cell crisis.

HY-N0650S

L-Serine-¹³C₃	201595-68-8	99.95%
L-Serine-¹³C₃ is the ¹³C-labeled L-Serine. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.

HY-W015913S

Pyruvic acid-¹³C₃ sodium	142014-11-7	99.7%
Sodium 2-oxopropanoate-¹³C₃ is the ¹³C-labeled Sodium 2-oxopropanoate. Sodium 2-oxopropanoate (Sodium pyruvate), a three-carbon metabolite of Glucose, is a compound produced in the glycolytic pathway. Sodium 2-oxopropanoate is a free radical scavenger that can scavenge ROS.

HY-N0390S

L-Glutamine-¹⁵N	80143-57-3	99.6%
L-Glutamine-¹⁵N is the ¹⁵N-labeled L-Glutamine (HY-N0390). L-Glutamine is an orally active nutritional agent and cellular metabolism regulator. L-Glutamine is taken up in a Na⁺-dependent manner and targets multiple key molecules including glutaminase, mTORC1, NF-κB, STAT-3 and HIF-1α. L-Glutamine enhances glutaminolytic catabolism, drives the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, thereby regulating gene expression, integrating metabolic signals, mediating glutamine flux and maintaining redox homeostasis. L-Glutamine also promotes cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing, exerts neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects, and inhibits osteoarthritis. L-Glutamine can be applied to research related to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ischemic stroke and acute cantharidin-induced cardiotoxicity.

HY-Y1269S

Ammonium chloride-¹⁵N	39466-62-1	99.6%
Ammonium chloride-¹⁵N is the ¹⁵N labeled Ammonium chloride (HY-Y1269). Ammonium chloride, as a heteropolar compound with pH value regulation, can cause intracellular alkalization and metabolic acidosis thus effecting enzymatic activity and influencing the process of biological system. Ammonium chloride is an autophagy inhibitor. Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.

HY-Y0479AS

L-Lactic acid-¹³C₃ sodium (20% w/w in water)	201595-71-3	99.91%
L-Lactic acid-¹³C₃ ((S)-2-hydroxypropanoic-¹³C₃) sodium (20% in water) is the ¹³C labeled L-Lactic acid. L-Lactic acid-¹³C₃ sodium (20% in water) can be used for lactate metabolism research.

HY-N0623S2

L-Tryptophan-¹³C₁₁	202114-65-6	99.78%
L-Tryptophan-¹³C₁₁ is the ¹³C-labeled L-Tryptophan. L-Tryptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3.

HY-N0390S9

L-Glutamine-¹⁵N-1	59681-32-2	98.0%
L-Glutamine-¹⁵N-1 is the ¹⁵N-labeled L-Glutamine (HY-N0390). L-Glutamine is an orally active nutritional agent and cellular metabolism regulator. L-Glutamine is taken up in a Na⁺-dependent manner and targets multiple key molecules including glutaminase, mTORC1, NF-κB, STAT-3 and HIF-1α. L-Glutamine enhances glutaminolytic catabolism, drives the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, thereby regulating gene expression, integrating metabolic signals, mediating glutamine flux and maintaining redox homeostasis. L-Glutamine also promotes cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing, exerts neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects, and inhibits osteoarthritis. L-Glutamine can be applied to research related to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ischemic stroke and acute cantharidin-induced cardiotoxicity.

HY-N1428S1

Citric acid-¹³C₆	287389-42-8	99.90%
Citric acid-¹³C₆ is the ¹³C-labeled Citric acid (HY-N1428). Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries.

HY-N0470S3

L-Lysine-¹³C₆,¹⁵N₂ hydrochloride	1200447-00-2	99.87%
L-Lysine-¹³C₆,¹⁵N₂ (hydrochloride) is the ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-labeled L-Lysine hydrochloride. L-lysine hydrochloride is an essential amino acid for humans with various benefits including treating herpes, increasing calcium absorption, reducing diabetes-related illnesses and improving gut health.

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