Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre

Pongamol (Lanceolatin C) is an orally active flavonoid with an IC₅₀ of 75 μM and a K_i of 58 μM against PTPase-1B, and an IC₅₀ of 103.5 μM against intestinal α-Glycosidase. Pongamol reduces the release of IL‑1β, TNF‑α, COX‑2 and iNOS in cells, reverses the nuclear translocation of NF‑κB, and upregulates the levels of Beclin 1 and LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ. Pongamol promotes glucose uptake by increasing the level of GLUT4 on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. Pongamol inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressing the FAK/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Pongamol inhibits neuronal cytotoxicity, suppresses cell apoptosis and extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans by activating the MAPKs/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Pongamol exerts hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mouse models. Pongamol exhibits antibacterial activity. Pongamol alleviates oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, Aβ deposition and excessive phosphorylation of Tau Protein, and restores autophagy function in Alzheimer's disease mouse models by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Pongamol is applicable to research related to Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, non-small cell lung cancer and postprandial hyperglycemia.

α-Lapachone shows trypanocidal activity.

8,9-Dehydro-7,9-diisobutyryloxythymol is a Thymol (HY-N6810) derivative, as well as an antibacterial agent. 8,9-Dehydro-7,9-diisobutyryloxythymol can be found in the aerial parts of Ageratina adenophora, with selective activity against Gram-positive bacterial strains including Bacillus cereus. 8,9-Dehydro-7,9-diisobutyryloxythymol does not exhibit detectable in vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. 8,9-Dehydro-7,9-diisobutyryloxythymol can be used for the research of bacterial infection.

3,8-Dioxo-7α-hydroxy-4,11(12)-tetradehydrocadinanene is a natural sesquiterpene.

Muurol-4-ene-3,8-dione (Compound 2), a sesquiterpene, is one of the main hepatotoxic components in Eupatorium adenophorum. Muurol-4-ene-3,8-dione has an inhibitory effect on the growth of both the normal human hepatocyte cell L02 and the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell HepG2 with IC₅₀ values of 87.52 and 104.48 μM.

Euptox A (9-Oxo-10, 11-dehydroageraphorone), a cadenine sesquiterpene, is the main toxin that can be isolated from Eupatorium adenophorum. Euptox A induces apoptosis by improving the gene expression level of apoptotic proteases such as caspase-10 in HeLa cells.