2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

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The p53 tumor suppressor is a principal mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular damage. p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Under stress conditions, the p53 protein accumulates in the cell, binds in its tetrameric form to p53-response elements and induces the transcription of various genes.

MDM-2 is transcriptionally activated by p53 and MDM-2, in turn, inhibits p53 activity in several ways. MDM-2 binds to the p53 transactivation domain and thereby inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. MDM-2 also contains a signal sequence that is similar to the nuclear export signal of various viral proteins and, after binding to p53, it induces its nuclear export. As p53 is a transcription factor, it needs to be in the nucleus to be able to access the DNA; its transport to the cytoplasm by MDM-2 prevents this. Finally, MDM-2 is a ubiquitin ligase, so is able to target p53 for degradation by the proteasome.

In many tumors p53 is inactivated by the overexpression of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 or by the loss of activity of the MDM2 inhibitor ARF. The pathway can be reactivated in these tumors by small molecules that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 and/or MDM4 with p53. Such molecules are now in clinical trials.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-15484
    Pifithrin-α hydrobromide
    		p53 Inhibitor 98.05%
    Pifithrin-α hydrobromide is a p53 inhibitor which blocks its transcriptional activity and prevents cells from apoptosis. Pifithrin-α hydrobromide is also an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist.
    Pifithrin-α hydrobromide
  • HY-123076
    Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic
    		p53 Inhibitor 99.73%
    Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic (PFN-α) is cell-permeable and active-form p53 inhibitor. Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic is one order magnitude more active than Pifithrin-α in protecting cortical neurons exposed to Etoposide (ED50=30 nM). Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic behaves as a p53 posttranscriptional activity inhibitor. Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic do not prevent p53 phosphorylation on the S15 residue.
    Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic
  • HY-10940
    Pifithrin-μ
    		p53 Inhibitor 99.53%
    Pifithrin-μ is an inhibitor of p53 and HSP70, with antitumor and neuroprotective activity.
    Pifithrin-μ
  • HY-16702A
    Pifithrin-β hydrobromide
    		p53 Inhibitor 99.97%
    Pifithrin-β hydrobromide (PFT β hydrobromide) is a potent p53 inhibitor with an IC50 of 23 μM.
    Pifithrin-β hydrobromide
  • HY-122578
    P53R3
    		p53 Inhibitor 99.94%
    P53R3 is a potent p53 reactivator and restores sequence-specific DNA binding of p53 hot spot mutants, including p53R175H, p53R248W and p53R273H. P53R3 induces p53-dependent antiproliferative effects with much higher specificity than PRIMA-1. P53R3 enhances the recruitment of wild-type p53 and p53M237I to several target gene promoters. P53R3 strongly enhances the mRNA, total protein and cell surface expression of the death receptor death receptor 5 (DR5). P53R3 is used for cancer research.
    P53R3
  • HY-132595
    Teprasiran
    		p53 Inhibitor
    Teprasiran (QPI-1002) is a small interfering RNA that temporarily inhibits p53-mediated cell death that underlies acute kidney injury (AKI).
    Teprasiran
  • HY-130437
    p-nitro-Pifithrin-α
    		p53 Inhibitor
    p-nitro-Pifithrin-α, a cell-permeable analog of pifithrin-α, is a potent p53 inhibitor. p-nitro-Pifithrin-α suppresses p53-mediated TGF-β1 expression in HK-2 cells. p-nitro-Pifithrin-α inhibits the activation of caspase-3 by Zika virus (ZIKV) strains. p-nitro-Pifithrin-α attenuates steatosis and liver injury in mice fed a high-fat diet [4]. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
    p-nitro-Pifithrin-α
  • HY-119053
    MS7972
    		p53 Inhibitor 99.81%
    MS7972 is a small molecule that blocks human p53 and CREB binding protein association. MS7972 can almost completely block this BRD interaction at 50 μM.
    MS7972
  • HY-16702
    Pifithrin-β
    		p53 Inhibitor
    Pifithrin-β (PFT β) is a potent p53 inhibitor with an IC50 of 23 μM.
    Pifithrin-β
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download MDM-2/p53 Signaling Pathway Map.

p53 is at the centre of biological interactions that translates stress signals into cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Upstream signaling to p53 increases its level and activates its function as a transcription factor in response to a wide variety of stresses, whereas downstream components execute the appropriate cellular response. 

 

Cell Stress: p53 induction by acute DNA damage begins when DNA double-strand breaks trigger activation of ATM, a kinase that phosphorylates the CHK2 kinase, or when stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks recruit ATR, which phosphorylates CHK1. p53 is a substrate for both the ATM and ATR kinases, as well as for CHK1 and CHK2, which coordinately phosphorylate p53 to promote its stabilization. These phosphorylation events are important for p53 stabilization, as some of the modifications disrupt the interaction between p53 and its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2 and MDM4 bind to the transcriptional activation domains of p53, thereby inhibiting p53 transactivation function, and MDM2 has additional activity as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that causes proteasome-mediated degradation of p53. Phosphorylation also allows the interaction of p53 with transcriptional cofactors, which is ultimately important for activation of target genes and for responses such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and senescence. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl can also be activated by DNA damage. Then the JNK/p38 is activated and leads to p53 activation[1][2]. 

 

Oncogenic signaling: The response to oncogene activation depends on the binding of ARF to MDM2. ARF is normally expressed at low levels in cells. Inappropriately increased E2F or Myc signals, stemming from oncogene activation, leads to the increased expression of ARF, which inhibits MDM2 by blocking its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, thereby segregating it from nucleoplasmic p53[3].

 

The PI3K-Akt pathway activates MDM2 and increases the ubiquitination of p53. 

 

Reference:
[1]. Chène P, et al. Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction: an important target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Feb;3(2):102-9.
[2]. Brown CJ, et al. Awakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Dec;9(12):862-73. 
[3]. Polager S, et al. p53 and E2f: partners in life and death. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Oct;9(10):738-48. doi: 10.1038/nrc2718.