MIG/CXCL9 Protein, Human

CXCL9, also known as MIG, is one member of the ELR-negative CXC chemokine subfamily, and can be induced by IFN-γ. CXCL9 binds to its receptor CXCR3 and can recruit CXCR3+ cells, such as effector T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. CXCL9 is involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes, but it also play a key role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis^[1][2]. MIG/CXCL9 Protein, Human is produced in E.coil, and consists of 103 amino acids (T23-T125).

CXCL9 is a member of the CXC family and has an important role in the chemotaxis of immune cells. It is secreted by various cell types including immune cells (T lymphocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils, etc.), and non‐immune cells (hepatic stellate cells, preadipocytes, thyrocytes, endothelial cell, tumor cells, and fibroblasts, etc)^[1].
The amino acid sequence of human CXCL9 protein has low homology between mouse and rat CXCL9 protein.
CXCL9 is one of the ligands of chemokine receptor CXCR3 that mediates the infiltration of lymphocytes to focal sites and suppresses tumor growth. CXCL9 attracts CXCR3- (CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B) T lymphocytes, is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of physiologic diseases during their initiation and their maintenance. The transcriptional regulation of CXCL9 is a multistep process involving many transcription factors, of which STAT1 and NF‐κB are two most well‐characterized members. Both the gene mutation of STAT1 and the blocking of the JA/STAT1 pathway can reduce CXCL9 expression induced by IFN-γ. Moreover, CXCL9 expression can be suppressed by reducing the levels of components of the STAT1-IRF‐1 transcriptional activation pathway by Porphyromonas gingivalis that leads to the immune function decline. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D‐galactosamine could induce the phosphorylation of STAT1 and enhance the transcription of CXCL9 leading to the enhancement of liver inflammation, and even liver apoptosis and injury^[1][2][3].
CXCL9 could promote cancer metastasis via enhanced migration and invasion of tumor cells, and breaking of the endothelial cells monolayer. However, as a tumor suppressor, it mainly recruited tumor‐infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells, and inhibited tumor angiogenesis. In Addition, IL-12 and Th1-derived IFN-γ exerted antitumor effects through the inhibitory effects of endogenous CXCL9 on tumor vasculature in human Burkitt's lymphoma. In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, expression of CXCL9 was found at early stage but low at advanced stage. CXCL9 is also associated with human hepatic fibrosis and anti‐fibrosis in mice. Furthermore, CXCL9 is highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques of coronary arteries and specifically recruits CXCR3-bearing Th1 cells that increase the risk of plaque progression and the occurrences of myocardial infarction^[1][2][3][4].

CXCL9 (10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL; 6 h, 10 h) induces NK-92 chemotaxis, and upregulats CXCR3, PI3K (p110γ), and PLC-β3 expression, increases the level of T-bet and STAT1, which associated with NK cell activation^[6].
Thus, CXCL9 induces natural killer (NK) cells to be recruited to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and activate NK cytotoxicity against HCC^[6].

Recombinant human CXCL9 (100 ng/mL; 5 days) up-regulates PD-L1 expression in bladder cancer T24 cells through its receptor CXCR3. And CXCL9 (72 hours) significantly enhances STAT3 and Akt activation in T24 cells^[2].
Recombinant human CXCL9 (1, 10, and 100 ng/mL; 72 or 96 h) enhanced the growth and migration of normal human cardiac fibroblasts (NHCFs)^[3].

Full biological activity determined by a chemotaxis bioassay using human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes is in a concentration range of 10-100 ng/mL.

Human

E. coli

Tag Free

Q07325 (T23-T125)

4283  [NCBI]

TPVVRKGRCSCISTNQGTIHLQSLKDLKQFAPSPSCEKIEIIATLKNGVQTCLNPDSADVKELIKKWEKQVSQKKKQKNGKKHQKKKVLKVRKSQRSRQKKTT

Approximately 11.7 kDa

Greater than 95% as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Lyophilized powder.

Lyophilized after extensive dialysis against 20 mM PB, pH 7.4, 50 mM NaCl.

<1 EU/μg, determined by LAL method.

It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100 μg/mL in ddH₂O. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS or 5% Trehalose).

Stored at -20°C for 2 years. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

• [1]. Qiang Ding, et al. CXCL9: evidence and contradictions for its role in tumor progression. Cancer Med. 2016 Nov;5(11):3246-3259.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Bolomsky A, et al. Monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG/CXCL9) is an independent prognostic factor in newly diagnosed myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016 Nov;57(11):2516-25.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Weigang Xiu, et al. CXCL9 secreted by tumor-associated dendritic cells up-regulates PD-L1 expression in bladder cancer cells by activating the CXCR3 signaling. BMC Immunol. 2021 Jan 6;22(1):3.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Chao-Feng Lin, et al. Potential Effects of CXCL9 and CCL20 on Cardiac Fibrosis in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Isoproterenol-Treated Rats. J Clin Med. 2019 May 11;8(5):659.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Hui-Feng Gao, et al. CXCL9 chemokine promotes the progression of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma through STAT3-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte suppression. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Jan 8;12(1):502-517.  [Content Brief]

  [6]. Fukuda Y, et al. Endogenous CXCL9 affects prognosis by regulating tumor-infiltrating natural killer cells in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2020 Feb;111(2):323-333.  [Content Brief]