Caesalpinia sappan L.

Brazilin is a red dye precursor obtained from the heartwood of several species of tropical hardwoods. Brazilin inhibits the cells proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Brazilin shows chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities.

Sappanone A is an orally active homoisoflavone found in sappan L. Sappanone A is a PDE4 and NF-κB inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. Sappanone A induces HO-1 expression through activation of Nrf2 pathway. Sappanone A also inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Sappanone A has great potential in the research of inflammation-related and cardiovascular .

Hematoxylin (Natural Black 1), a naturally occurring flavonoid compound derived from Caesalpinia sappan Linn.. Hematoxylin is a nuclear stain in histology and is also a potent Aβ42 fibrillogenesis inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1.6 μM.

Protosappanin A (PTA), an immunosuppressive ingredient and major biphenyl compound isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L, suppresses JAK2/STAT3-dependent inflammation pathway through down-regulating the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3.

Protosappanin B is a phenolic compound extracted from Caesalpinia sappan. Anti-cancer activity. Protosappanin B induces apoptosis and causes G₁ cell cycle arrest in human bladder cancer cells.

Phanginin K is a cassane-type diterpene that is found in the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan Linn.

Phanginin F is a cassane-type furanoditerpenoid anticancer agent. Phanginin F can be isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. Phanginin F exhibits anticancer activity against ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. Phanginin F can be used in research on ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer.

Phanginin B is a cassane-type diterpene found in the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan Linn., with predicted potential antibacterial activity.

3-Deoxysappanchalcone is a natural chalcone compound isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone induces cell cycle arrest, ROS production, and apoptosis. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic activities. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone is applicable to research related to lung cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, thrombosis, and influenza virus infection.

Episappanol is a natural compound isolated from Caesalpinia sappan heartwood with anti-inflammatory activity. Episappanol significantly inhibits the IL-6 and TNF-α secretion.

Sappanchalcone, a flavonoid isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L., induces caspase-dependent and AIF-dependent apoptosis in human colon cancer cells.

Brazilein is a compound with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities, with an IC₅₀ of 500 μM against guinea pig Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase. Brazilein reduces iNOS mRNA expression, thereby inhibiting nitric oxide production in immune cells. Brazilein suppresses inflammatory responses by reducing the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6, but has no effect on IL-1β expression. Brazilein reduces the cerebral infarction volume and improves the neurological function scores of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brazilein induces apoptosis of splenic lymphocytes in mice. Brazilein inhibits humoral immune responses in mice, and causes thymus and spleen atrophy as well as body weight loss in mice. Brazilein also possesses antimalarial and antibacterial activities. Brazilein is also a red dye. Brazilein can be used in studies related to the infection, nervous system, cardiovascular system and inflammatory diseases.

Bonducellin is a a homoisoflavonoid, which can be isolated from Caesalpinia digyna roots. Bonducellin is a potent inhibitor of efflux pump (EP), while EP induces resistance in mycobacteria and serves as a target of anti-TB (tuberculosis) agents. Bonducellin reduces MIC of EtBr by 8-fold against M. smegmatis (MIC=62.5 mg/L).

7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene is an reversible noncompetitive neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor. 7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene can be isolated from the dried heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. 7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene has potent NAs inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values of 34.6 µM [H1N1], 39.5 µM [H3N2], and 50.5µM [H9N2], respectively. 7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene can be used for the research of influenza virus.

Phanginin H is an Autophagy inducer with an IC₅₀ of 18.13 μM in PANC-1 cells. Phanginin H induces Reactive Oxygen Species accumulation and mitochondrial depolarization, activates AMPK signaling, inhibits mTORC1/ULK signaling and promotes autophagic flux, and simultaneously induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, thereby inhibiting PANC-1 cell proliferation, spheroid formation, and migration. Phanginin H can be used in research related to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Phanginin D is a cassane-type furanoditerpene found in the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan. Phanginin D induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells by activating Caspase-3 and promoting the cleavage of procaspase-3 and PARP. Phanginin D can be used for research on human promyelocytic leukemia.

Phanginin G is a cassane-type furanoditerpene found in the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan L. An ether bridge forms between C-20 and C-11 of Phanginin G, constituting a tetrahydrofuran ring. Phanginin G is useful for research on cassane-type diterpenes and cancer cell cytotoxicity.