2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13515R
    Sirtinol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sirtinol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sirtinol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sirtinol is a sirtuin (SIRT) inhibitor, with IC50s of 48 μM, 57.7 μM and 131 μM for ySir2, hSIRT2 and hSIRT2, respectively.
    Sirtinol (Standard)
  • HY-10587R
    BIX-01294 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    BIX-01294 (Standard) is the analytical standard of BIX-01294 (HY-10587). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. BIX-01294 is a reversible and highly selective G9a and GLP Histone Methyltransferase inhibitor, with IC50s of of 1.7 μM and 0.9 μM, respectively. BIX-01294 inhibits G9a/GLP by competing for binding with the amino acids N-terminal of the substrate lysine residue. BIX-01294, a (1H-1,4-diazepin-1-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl amine derivative, induces necroptosis and autophagy. BIX-01294 has antitumor activity in recurrent tumor cells.
    BIX-01294 (Standard)
  • HY-B2098R
    Lucanthone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Lucanthone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lucanthone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lucanthone is an endonuclease inhibitor of Apurinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1).
    Lucanthone (Standard)
  • HY-10284R
    Linagliptin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Linagliptin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Linagliptin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Linagliptin is a highly potent, selective DPP-4 inhibitor with IC50 of 1 nM.
    Linagliptin (Standard)
  • HY-16685
    AGN 205327
    AGN 205327 is a potent synthetic RARs agonist with EC50 of 3766/734/32 nM for RARα/β/γ respectively; no inhibition on RXR.
    AGN 205327
  • HY-B0589H
    Atorvastatin strontium
    		Inducer
    Strontium atorvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug with activity in ameliorating cardiovascular disease-related events. Strontium atorvastatin exerts its biological activity by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in liver tissue. Strontium atorvastatin is also used to suppress dyslipidemia.
    Atorvastatin strontium
  • HY-N0221S1
    Daurisoline-d5
    		Inhibitor
    Daurisoline-d5 is the deuterium labeled Daurisoline (HY-N0221). Daurisoline is a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that can be isolated from Menispermum dauricum and Rhizoma Menispermi. Daurisoline exerts a blocking effect on hERG and has antiarrhythmic effects. Daurisoline is a potent autophagy blocker that can be used for the research of cancer.
    Daurisoline-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-13768AR
    Topotecan hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Topotecan (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Topotecan (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Topotecan Hydrochloride (SKF 104864A Hydrochloride) is a Topoisomerase I inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activities.
    Topotecan hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-103400R
    8-Chloroadenosine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    8-Chloroadenosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 8-Chloroadenosine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 8-Chloroadenosine (8-Cl-Ado), a unique ribonucleoside analog, depletes endogenous ATP that subsequently induces the phosphorylation and activation of AMPK. 8-Chloroadenosine induces autophagic cell death. 8-Chloroadenosine effectively inhibited in vivo tumor growth in mice.
    8-Chloroadenosine (Standard)
  • HY-17437AR
    Mefloquine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Mefloquine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mefloquine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mefloquine hydrochloride (Mefloquin hydrochloride), a quinoline antimalarial agent, is an anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Mefloquine hydrochloride is also a K+ channel (KvQT1/minK) antagonist with an IC50 of ~1 μM. Mefloquine hydrochloride can be used for malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer research.
    Mefloquine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-10161R
    Tozasertib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tozasertib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tozasertib (HY-10161). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tozasertib (VX 680; MK-0457) is an inhibitor of Aurora A/B/C kinases with Kis of 0.6, 18, 4.6 nM, respectively.
    Tozasertib (Standard)
  • HY-N6779R
    Patulin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Patulin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Patulin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Patulin (Terinin) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi including the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Byssochlamys species, causes chromosome breakage, mutation, teratogenic and cytotoxic. Patulin induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis through lysosomal-mitochondrial axis, and causes DNA damage.
    Patulin (Standard)
  • HY-13605AR
    Cytarabine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cytarabine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cytarabine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cytarabine hydrochloride, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC50 of 16 nM. Cytarabine hydrochloride has antiviral effects against HSV.
    Cytarabine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-10864R
    URB-597 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    URB-597 (Standard) is the analytical standard of URB-597. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. URB-597 (KDS-4103) is an orally bioavailable and selective FAAH inhibitor. URB-597 inhibits FAAH activity with an IC50s of approximately 5 nM in rat brain membranes, 0.5 nM in intact rat neurons, 3 nM in human liver microsomes. Antidepressant-like effects. Analgesic activity.
    URB-597 (Standard)
  • HY-103038R
    ML327 (Standard)
    ML327 (Standard) is the analytical standard of ML327 (HY-103038). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. ML327 is a blocker of MYC which can also de-repress E-cadherin transcription and reverse Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT).
    ML327 (Standard)
  • HY-103611R
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA (Standard) is the analytical standard of Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA (HY-103611). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 3-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA (Standard)
  • HY-100561R
    Tempol (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Tempol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tempol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tempol is a general superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic agent that efficiently neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS).
    Tempol (Standard)
  • HY-N0493R
    Pectolinarigenin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pectolinarigenin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pectolinarigenin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pectolinarigenin is an orally active dual inhibitor of COX-2/5-LOX with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and neuroprotective activities. Pectolinarigenin exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on astrocyte inflammation via the NFκB and MAPK pathways. Pectolinarigenin inhibits LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, N-FκB and p38MAPK, directly inhibits the enzymatic activity or binding of COX-2, 5-LOX and HIF-1α, and reduces the level of XIAP. Pectolinarigenin modifies Keap1 to promote nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, induces ARE-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression, and possesses direct free radical scavenging activity. Pectolinarigenin reduces the release of NO, proinflammatory mediators and leukotrienes, and increases the level of IL-10. Pectolinarigenin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis (Apoptosis) and autophagy (Autophagy) via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Pectolinarigenin reduces renal crystal deposition and inhibits melanin synthesis. Pectolinarigenin inhibits inflammation and alleviates allergy in mouse models of inflammation. Pectolinarigenin alleviates renal injury, inflammation and oxidative stress in mice by inhibiting HIF-1α activity. Pectolinarigenin can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory/allergic diseases, calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis, gastric cancer, melasma, post-inflammatory diseases and chloasma.
    Pectolinarigenin (Standard)
  • HY-108701R
    Nampt-IN-3 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nampt-IN-3 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nampt-IN-3 (HY-108701). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nampt-IN-3 (Compound 35) simultaneously inhibit nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and HDAC with IC50s of 31 nM and 55 nM, respectively. Nampt-IN-3 effectively induces cell apoptosis and autophagy and ultimately leads to cell death.
    Nampt-IN-3 (Standard)
  • HY-A0016R
    Dronedarone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dronedarone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dronedarone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dronedarone (SR 33589), a derivative of amiodarone (HY-14187), is a class III antiarrhythmic agent for the study of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter. Dronedarone is a potent blocker of multiple ion currents, including potassium current, sodium current, and L-type calcium current, and exhibits antiadrenergic effects by noncompetitive binding to β-adrenergic receptors. Dronedarone is a substrate for and a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
    Dronedarone (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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