2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Cytoskeleton
  4. Exosomes

Exosomes

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles, typically ranging in diameter from approximately 40 to 160 nm; originating from the endosomal pathway, they mediate intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA, microRNA, and other bioactive substances between donor and recipient cells. Exosomes possess a unique combination of attributes-including natural targeting capabilities, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, a long circulatory half-life, and the ability to traverse biological barriers (including the blood-brain barrier)-making them a highly attractive platform for applications in cancer therapy, regenerative medicine, disease diagnosis, and drug delivery. Mechanistically, tumor-derived exosomes regulate tumor progression through intercellular signaling; by delivering oncogenic miRNAs, proteins, and signaling mediators to stromal and immune cells, they promote angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune evasion, tumor metastasis, and the formation of a pre-metastatic niche. Furthermore, exosomes can induce and exacerbate chemotherapy resistance by shielding tumor cells from cytotoxic drugs and by transferring drug-resistance traits to neighboring cells.
In the field of drug development, engineered exosomes are being utilized as nanocarriers for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, siRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, CRISPR payloads, and immunomodulators. In disease models involving breast cancer, lung cancer, glioma, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma, this strategy has effectively reduced systemic toxicity while simultaneously enhancing tumor-targeting specificity. Moreover, exosomes are being applied in tissue repair, the modulation of inflammatory diseases, the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, and precision diagnostics based on "liquid biopsy" technologies; the biomarkers carried within circulating exosomes facilitate the early screening of diseases and the real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy.

References:

Exosomes Related Products (69):

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P11741
    BV2
    BV2 is a delivery peptide that binds to BVES, with a Ka of 2.03 μM for the BVES target. BV2 specifically binds to the extracellular domain of BVES, achieving muscle homing and cellular internalization via caveolae-mediated endocytosis. When BV2 is modified on the surface of exosomes by PMO, it enhances dystrophin restoration in the peripheral muscles and myocardium of dystrophin-deficient mice. BV2 is applicable to research related to Duchenne muscular dystrophy and muscle atrophy.
    BV2
  • HY-P3436A
    WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW TFA
    		Inducer
    WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW TFA is a cardiomyocyte-targeting peptide that specifically recognizes tenascin X on the surface of cardiomyocytes. WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW TFA can serve as a targeting ligand to conjugate with various therapeutic carriers (drugs, genes, exosomes, nanoparticles, etc.) for research on cardiovascular diseases (such as myocardial infarction, heart failure).
    WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW TFA
  • HY-P5423D
    Ahx-GALA-Cys
    Ahx-GALA-Cys is a GALA peptide (HY-P5423) derivative with an N-terminal 6-aminohexanoic acid (Ahx) linker and a C-terminal cysteine residue. Ahx-GALA-Cys possesses strong covalent coupling capacity, which can be used to conjugate fluorophores and targeting ligands for investigating the surface functionalization of small extracellular vesicles (sEV) and lysosomal escape.
    Ahx-GALA-Cys
  • HY-17023R
    Esomeprazole sodium (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Esomeprazole (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Esomeprazole (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Esomeprazole sodium ((S)-Omeprazole sodium) is a potent and orally active proton pump inhibitor. Esomeprazole reduces acid secretion through inhibition of the H+, K+-ATPase in gastric parietal cells. Esomeprazole acts as an exosome inhibitor by blocking the exosome release via the inhibition of V-H+-ATPases. Esomeprazole has the potential for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease research.
    Esomeprazole sodium (Standard)
  • HY-131002A
    DPTIP hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    DPTIP hydrochloride is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (N-SMase 2) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor), with an IC50 of 30 nM.
    DPTIP hydrochloride
  • HY-14648S1
    Dexamethasone-d5-1
    		Inhibitor
    Dexamethasone-d5-1 is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.
    Dexamethasone-d<sub>5</sub>-1
  • HY-100732R
    Cambinol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cambinol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cambinol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cambinol is a SIRT1 and SIRT2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 56 μM and 59 μM, respectively. Cambinol is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).
    Cambinol (Standard)
  • HY-13662BR
    (R)-Lansoprazole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    (R)-Lansoprazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of (R)-Lansoprazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (R)-Lansoprazole is the R enantiomer of Lansoprazole, Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is an orally active proton pump inhibitor which prevents the stomach from producing acid. Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).
    (R)-Lansoprazole (Standard)
  • HY-113225B
    Guanosine triphosphate tritris
    		Inducer
    Guanosine triphosphate tritris (GTP tritris) serves as a vital enhancer of myogenic cell differentiation and plays a critical role in modulating miRNA-myogenic regulator factors. It also facilitates the release of exosomes enriched with guanosine and guanosine-derived molecules, and is regarded as an activated precursor for RNA synthesis. In mitochondrial function, GTP participates in the import of proteins into the matrix, which is essential for various regulated pathways, and is involved in initiating peptide synthesis through the binding of formylmethionyl-tRNA to the ribosome, as well as polypeptide chain elongation. Additionally, GTP acts as a phosphate and pyrophosphate carrier that channels chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. It activates signal transducing G proteins that regulate cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation, and its hydrolysis by small GTPases, including Ras and Rho, is integral to both proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, the small GTPase Rab is instrumental in vesicle docking, fusion, and formation. Beyond signal transduction, GTP is an energy-rich precursor in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.
    Guanosine triphosphate tritris