Exosomes Inhibitor

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, apoptosis inducer, and common disease inducer in experimental animals, constructing models of muscle atrophy, hypertension, and depression. Dexamethasone can inhibit the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages and significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in neutrophils and monocytes. Dexamethasone also has potential for use in COVID-19 research.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an analogue of uracil and a potent antitumor agent. 5-Fluorouracil affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used as a chemical sensitizer. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibits HIV.

GW4869 is a noncompetitive neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1 μM. GW4869 is an inhibitor of exosome biogenesis/release.

Heparin sodium salt (Sodium heparin) is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII) and greatly accelerates the rate at which ATIII inactivates coagulation enzymes thrombin factor IIa and factor Xa. Heparin sodium salt significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.

AM9928 is a monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor with IC₅₀ and K_i values of 8.9 nM and 7.3 nM, respectively. AM9928 blocks the adhesion and migration of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, and inhibits the secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF-A by TNBC cells. AM9928 suppresses the activation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) induced by TNBC-derived exosomes, and reduces the secretion of IL-8 and VEGF-A by HBMECs. AM9928 attenuates changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, inhibits tumor growth in the mammary fat pad, and reduces brain colonization of TNBC. AM9928 can be used in studies related to triple-negative breast cancer.

Cytochalasin D (Zygosporin A) is a potent actin polymerization inhibitor, could be derived from fungus. Cytochalasin D has cell-permeable activity. Cytochalasin D inhibits the G-actin–cofilin interaction by binding to G-actin. Cytochalasin D also inhibits the binding of cofilin to F-actin and decreases the rate of both actin polymerization and depolymerization in living cells. Cytochalasin D can reduce exosome release, in turn reducing the amount of survivin present in the tumour environment. Cytochalasin D induces phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of Yap.

Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin is a potent TMEM16A chloride channel inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6.5 μM. Shikonin is a specific pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor and can also inhibit TNF-α and NF-κB pathway. Shikonin decreases exosome secretion through the inhibition of glycolysis. Shikonin inhibits AIM2 inflammasome activation.

Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan,that is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. Heparin significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) Water Soluble is a water-soluble form of Dexamethasone (HY-14648). Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, apoptosis inducer, and a common disease inducer in experimental animals. It can be used to construct models of muscle atrophy, hypertension, and depression. Dexamethasone can inhibit the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages and significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in neutrophils and monocytes. Dexamethasone also has the potential to be used in COVID-19 research.(Sale size is the weight of dexamethasone)

Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is an orally active proton pump inhibitor which prevents the stomach from producing acid. Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).

Endosidin-2 (ES2) is a selective inhibitor targeting the conserved exosome subunit EXO70. Endosidin-2 binds to the C-terminal domain of EXO70, inhibiting exocytosis and endosomal recycling, while promoting vacuolar trafficking in plant cells. Endosidin-2 interferes with the EXO70-mediated vesicle-to-plasma membrane anchoring process, leading to abnormal aggregation of auxin transporters (such as PIN2) in the cytoplasm and redirected to vacuolar degradation, while causing abnormal Golgi structure (such as cup-shaped or ring-shaped vesicles cisternae formation). Endosidin-2 can inhibit exocytosis in plant and mammalian cells and is mainly used to study the dynamic regulation of membrane trafficking (such as polar growth, vesicle sorting).

Manumycin A is a polyketide antibiotic and an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR-1). Manumycin A can inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells and exert its anti-tumor activity through LC3. Manumycin A can downregulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes stimulated by TNF α, and has potential anti-inflammatory activity. Manumycin A can inhibit the Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling and hnRNP H1 in castration resistant prostate cancer cells to suppress exosome biogenesis and secretion.

DPTIP is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (N-SMase 2) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor), with an IC₅₀ of 30 nM.

(R)-Lansoprazole is the R enantiomer of Lansoprazole, Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is an orally active proton pump inhibitor which prevents the stomach from producing acid. Lansoprazole (AG 1749) is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).

Heparin Lithium salt is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII). Heparin Lithium salt significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.

Dexamethasone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dexamethasone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

Cambinol is a SIRT1 and SIRT2 inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 56 μM and 59 μM, respectively. Cambinol is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).

Esomeprazole sodium ((S)-Omeprazole sodium) is a potent and orally active proton pump inhibitor. Esomeprazole reduces acid secretion through inhibition of the H⁺, K⁺-ATPase in gastric parietal cells. Esomeprazole acts as an exosome inhibitor by blocking the exosome release via the inhibition of V-H⁺-ATPases. Esomeprazole has the potential for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease research.

5-Fluorouracil (Standard) is the analytical standard of 5-Fluorouracil. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an analogue of uracil and a potent antitumor agent. 5-Fluorouracil affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used as a chemical sensitizer. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibits HIV.

Esomeprazole magnesium ((S)-Omeprazole magnesium) is a potent and orally active H⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitor. Esomeprazole magnesium has the potential for upper intestinal disorders and gastroesophageal reflux disease research. Esomeprazole magnesium acts as an exosome inhibitor by blocking the exosome release via the inhibition of V-H⁺-ATPases.