Cat. No.: HY-N0822

Shikonin

(Synonyms: C.I. 75535; Isoarnebin 4)

66 Cited Publications

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Based on 66 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin is a potent TMEM16A chloride channel inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6.5 μM. Shikonin is a specific pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor and can also inhibit TNF-α and NF-κB pathway. Shikonin decreases exosome secretion through the inhibition of glycolysis. Shikonin inhibits AIM2 inflammasome activation.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.71%
CAS No.: 517-89-5
Formula: C₁₆H₁₆O₅
Molecular Weight:288.30

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month

Shikonin Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 517-89-5

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Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (66)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
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Purity & Documentation
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Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin is a potent TMEM16A chloride channel inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6.5 μM^[1]. Shikonin is a specific pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor^[2] and can also inhibit TNF-α and NF-κB pathway^[3]. Shikonin decreases exosome secretion through the inhibition of glycolysis^[4]. Shikonin inhibits AIM2 inflammasome activation^[7].

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]^[2]^{[3]

TMEM16A chloride channel
6.5 μM (IC₅₀)

PKM2

NF-κB

All NF-κB Isoforms :

NF-κB

NF-κB1/p50

RelA/p65

RelB

c-Rel

All TNF Receptor Isoforms :

TNFRSF1A/CD120a

TNFRSF3/CD18

TNFRSF4

TNFRSF5/CD40

TNFRSF6/Fas/CD95

TNFRSF7/CD27

TNFRSF8/CD30

TNFRSF9/4-1BB/CD137

TNFRSF10B/DR5/CD262

TNFRSF12A/TWEAK

TNFRSF16/NGF Receptor/CD271

TNFRSF18/GITR/CD357

All HIV Isoforms :

HIV

HIV-1

HIV-2}

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
A2780	IC₅₀	0.39 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A2780 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by Cell-TiterGlo assay Antiproliferative activity against human A2780 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by Cell-TiterGlo assay	[PMID: 36723914]
A-375	IC₅₀	0.7 μM Compound: SK-2	Antiproliferative activity against human A-375 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 3 days by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A-375 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 39129245]
A549	IC₅₀	1.708 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
A549	IC₅₀	1.8 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
A549	IC₅₀	10.25 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
A549	IC₅₀	10.37 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
A549	IC₅₀	11.68 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
A549	IC₅₀	16 μM Compound: Shikonin	Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30846253]
A549	IC₅₀	2.51 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
A549	IC₅₀	3.13 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
A549	IC₅₀	3.37 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells by CCK8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 34922028]
A549	IC₅₀	3.52 μg/mL Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 38458106]
A549	IC₅₀	3.53 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29268130]
A549	IC₅₀	4.47 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 36731272]
A549	IC₅₀	5.06 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
A549	IC₅₀	6.13 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31648877]
A549	IC₅₀	6.5 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31404864]
A549	IC₅₀	7.3 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
A549	IC₅₀	7.73 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 35367708]
B16-F10	IC₅₀	17.9 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against mouse B16-F10 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against mouse B16-F10 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
B16-F10	IC₅₀	3.72 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against mouse B16-F10 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against mouse B16-F10 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
BEAS-2B	IC₅₀	5.36 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human BEAS2B cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human BEAS2B cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 28688274]
Bel-7402	IC₅₀	1.24 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29174813]
Bel-7402	IC₅₀	54.5 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 18996624]
BT-474	IC₅₀	5.74 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human BT-474 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human BT-474 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
BTI-TN-5B1-4	IC₅₀	138.2 μM Compound: 4	Inhibition of human ACAT2 expressed in Hi5 cells Inhibition of human ACAT2 expressed in Hi5 cells	[PMID: 17157006]
BTI-TN-5B1-4	IC₅₀	70.4 μM Compound: 4	Inhibition of human ACAT1 expressed in Hi5 cells Inhibition of human ACAT1 expressed in Hi5 cells	[PMID: 17157006]
Ca9-22	IC₅₀	12.81 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human Ca9-22 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Ca9-22 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
Ca9-22	IC₅₀	13.59 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human Ca9-22 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Ca9-22 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
Calu-3	IC₅₀	7.22 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human Calu-3 cells by CCK8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human Calu-3 cells by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 34922028]
CNE	IC₅₀	0.7 μM Compound: 1	Antitumor activity against human CNE cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antitumor activity against human CNE cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 21620530]
DU-145	IC₅₀	16 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human DU-145 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human DU-145 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
DU-145	IC₅₀	16 μM Compound: SK	Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25127868]
Fibroblast	IC₅₀	1.2 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human skin fibroblast cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human skin fibroblast cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
Fibroblast	IC₅₀	1.2 μM Compound: SK	Cytotoxicity against human skin fibroblast cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human skin fibroblast cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25127868]
Fibroblast	IC₅₀	1.24 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human skin fibroblast cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human skin fibroblast cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HCC827	IC₅₀	9.21 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human HCC827 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human HCC827 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 36731272]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	0.23 μM Compound: 10	Cytotoxicity against MDR1 Pgp under-expressing human HCT116 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against MDR1 Pgp under-expressing human HCT116 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 17949858]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	0.52 μM Compound: SK-2	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 3 days by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 39129245]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	1.84 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT116 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay Antiproliferative activity against human HCT116 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 28688274]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	2.47 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT116 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HCT116 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
HCT-15	IC₅₀	0.86 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human HCT15 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HCT15 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29174813]
HCT-15	IC₅₀	0.86 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human HCT15 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HCT15 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30677614]
HCT-15	IC₅₀	0.94 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human HCT-15 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human HCT-15 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HCT-15	IC₅₀	7.3 μM Compound: 1	Antitumor activity against human HCT15 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antitumor activity against human HCT15 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 21620530]
HCT-8	IC₅₀	9.2 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-8 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-8 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HEK-293T	CC₅₀	7 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HEK293T cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HEK293T cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	1.52 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31404864]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	1.52 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	2.63 μM Compound: SK	Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 36731272]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	62.76 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human 293T cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human 293T cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29268130]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	9.27 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HeLa	IC₅₀	11.07 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HeLa	IC₅₀	13.39 μM Compound: 1a	Cytotoxicity agaisnt human HeLa cells by SRB assay Cytotoxicity agaisnt human HeLa cells by SRB assay	[PMID: 19111464]
HeLa	IC₅₀	2.45 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 28688274]
HeLa	IC₅₀	2.818 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HeLa	IC₅₀	208 μM Compound: shikonin	Inhibitory activity against DNA topoisomerase-1 obtained from Hela cells Inhibitory activity against DNA topoisomerase-1 obtained from Hela cells	[PMID: 7699697]
HeLa	IC₅₀	3.11 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HeLa	IC₅₀	4.8 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HeLa	IC₅₀	5.75 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HeLa	IC₅₀	6.42 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay	[PMID: 27080175]
HeLa	IC₅₀	6.44 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HeLa	IC₅₀	6.5 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31404864]
HeLa	IC₅₀	6.5 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HeLa	IC₅₀	6.7 μM Compound: Shikonin	Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30846253]
HeLa	IC₅₀	6.86 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29268130]
HeLa	IC₅₀	7.84 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31648877]
HeLa	IC₅₀	9.23 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells by CCK8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 34922028]
HepG2	IC₅₀	0.24 μM Compound: 10	Cytotoxicity against MDR1 Pgp overexpressing human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against MDR1 Pgp overexpressing human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 17949858]
HepG2	IC₅₀	0.42 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HepG2	IC₅₀	0.92 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HepG2	IC₅₀	1.288 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HepG2	IC₅₀	1.37 μM Compound: 92308905	HARVARD: Inhibition of liver stage Plasmodium berghei infection in HepG2 cells HARVARD: Inhibition of liver stage Plasmodium berghei infection in HepG2 cells	[PMID: 22586124]
HepG2	IC₅₀	2.73 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HepG2	IC₅₀	2.92 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
HepG2	IC₅₀	2.96 μM Compound: SK-2	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 3 days by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 39129245]
HepG2	IC₅₀	28.1 μM Compound: 92308905	HARVARD: Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cell line HARVARD: Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cell line	[PMID: 22586124]
HepG2	IC₅₀	6.2 μM Compound: Shikonin	Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30846253]
HepG2	IC₅₀	6.92 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29268130]
HepG2	IC₅₀	9.36 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
HFF-1	IC₅₀	<5 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against HFF-1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HFF-1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 34438124]
HL-60	IC₅₀	0.44 μM Compound: 1a	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 19111464]
HL-60	IC₅₀	1.03 μM Compound: SH	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20403646]
HL-60	IC₅₀	1.2 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
HL60/ADR	IC₅₀	1.41 μM Compound: SH	Cytotoxicity against human HL60/ADR cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HL60/ADR cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20403646]
HT-29	IC₅₀	15.8 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20970893]
HT-29	IC₅₀	16.7 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 18996624]
HT-29	IC₅₀	2.8 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HT29 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HT29 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
Jurkat	IC₅₀	0.97 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human Jurkat cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
K562	IC₅₀	0.6 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20970893]
K562	IC₅₀	0.63 μM Compound: SH	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20403646]
K562	IC₅₀	0.7 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human K562 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human K562 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
K562	IC₅₀	0.7 μM Compound: SK	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25127868]
K562	IC₅₀	1.02 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30677614]
K562	IC₅₀	120.54 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against drug resistant human K562 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against drug resistant human K562 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
K562	IC₅₀	20.29 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human K562 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human K562 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
K562/Adr	IC₅₀	0.67 μM Compound: SH	Cytotoxicity against human K562/ADR cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human K562/ADR cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20403646]
L02	CC₅₀	11.77 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human LO2 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human LO2 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
L02	CC₅₀	12.2 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human LO2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human LO2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31648877]
L02	IC₅₀	10.45 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
L02	IC₅₀	10.52 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
L02	IC₅₀	13 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30846253]
L02	IC₅₀	3.257 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
L02	IC₅₀	3.41 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human LO2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human LO2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29268130]
L02	IC₅₀	5.12 μM Compound: SK	Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells by CCK8 assay Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 34922028]
L02	IC₅₀	6.22 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31404864]
L02	IC₅₀	65.34 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human L02 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human L02 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
L02	IC₅₀	83.8 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human L02 incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human L02 incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
L929	IC₅₀	3.2 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against mouse L929 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse L929 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 21620530]
LS174T	IC₅₀	8.9 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human LS174T cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human LS174T cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
MCF10	IC₅₀	4.56 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF10 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF10 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay	[PMID: 27080175]
MCF-10A	IC₅₀	20.94 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF-10A cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF-10A cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF-10A	IC₅₀	23.5 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF-10A assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF-10A assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF-10A	IC₅₀	93.4 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF-10A incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF-10A incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF7	IC₅₀	1.03 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 20 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF7	IC₅₀	1.45 μM Compound: SH	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20403646]
MCF7	IC₅₀	1.8 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF7	IC₅₀	1.8 μM Compound: SK	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25127868]
MCF7	IC₅₀	1.9 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20970893]
MCF7	IC₅₀	2.11 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human MCF7 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human MCF7 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF7	IC₅₀	2.4 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29174813]
MCF7	IC₅₀	2.7 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
MCF7	IC₅₀	23.41 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against drug-resistant human MCF7 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against drug-resistant human MCF7 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
MCF7	IC₅₀	23.6 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF7	IC₅₀	4.57 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF7	IC₅₀	4.99 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF7	IC₅₀	5.4 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
MCF7	IC₅₀	5.49 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay	[PMID: 27080175]
MCF7	IC₅₀	5.7 μM Compound: Shikonin	Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30846253]
MCF7	IC₅₀	6.5 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31404864]
MCF7	IC₅₀	7.75 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF7	IC₅₀	8.32 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells by CCK8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 34922028]
MCF7	IC₅₀	9.32 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MCF7	IC₅₀	9.55 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31648877]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	1.58 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells by CCK8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 34922028]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	108 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	2.77 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 32035399]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	2.88 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	3.94 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay	[PMID: 27080175]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	6.5 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31404864]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	6.6 μM Compound: 1	Antitumor activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antitumor activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 21620530]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	7.62 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	7.8 μM Compound: Shikonin	Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Inhibition of topoisomerase 2 in human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30846253]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	8.75 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA231 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA231 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29268130]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	8.98 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MDA-MB-436	IC₅₀	3.61 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-436 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-436 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MDA-MB-468	IC₅₀	3.28 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-468 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-468 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MG-63	IC₅₀	5.67 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human MG-63 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human MG-63 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MG-63	IC₅₀	7.36 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MG-63 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MG-63 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MGC-803	IC₅₀	1.28 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human MGC-803 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human MGC-803 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
MGC-803	IC₅₀	1.51 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MGC803 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MGC803 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29174813]
MGC-803	IC₅₀	1.51 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MGC803 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MGC803 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30677614]
MIA PaCa-2	IC₅₀	0.04 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against human MIAPaCa2 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay Cytotoxicity against human MIAPaCa2 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth after 72 hrs by cell titer glo assay	[PMID: 27080175]
MONO-MAC-6	IC₅₀	2.6 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human MONO-MAC-6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human MONO-MAC-6 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
NAMALVA	IC₅₀	192.67 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human NAMALVA cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated upto 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human NAMALVA cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated upto 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 38458106]
NCI/ADR-RES	IC₅₀	1.65 μM Compound: SH	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7/ADR cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7/ADR cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20403646]
NCI-H1299	IC₅₀	1.88 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1299 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1299 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 28688274]
NCI-H1299	IC₅₀	3.95 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1299 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1299 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 36731272]
NCI-H1650	IC₅₀	8.32 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human H1650 cells by CCK8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human H1650 cells by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 34922028]
NCI-H1975	IC₅₀	4.28 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1975 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1975 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31648877]
NCI-H1975	IC₅₀	4.56 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1975 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H1975 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 36731272]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	5.04 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human H460 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human H460 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 31648877]
NCI-H460	IC₅₀	7.57 μM Compound: SK	Antiproliferative activity against human H460 cells by CCK8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human H460 cells by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 34922028]
PA-1	IC₅₀	0.92 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human PA-1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by Cell-TiterGlo assay Antiproliferative activity against human PA-1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by Cell-TiterGlo assay	[PMID: 36723914]
PBMC	IC₅₀	5 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human PBMC cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human PBMC cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
Raji	IC₅₀	588.31 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human Raji cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated upto 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human Raji cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated upto 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 38458106]
SCC-4	IC₅₀	10.1 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human SCC-4 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human SCC-4 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
Sf9	IC₅₀	139.2 nM Compound: Shikonin	Inhibition of C-terminal His-tagged N-terminal GST-tagged human EGFR (668 to 1210 residues) expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 cells after 30 mins in presence of gamma-[32p-ATP] binding assay Inhibition of C-terminal His-tagged N-terminal GST-tagged human EGFR (668 to 1210 residues) expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 cells after 30 mins in presence of gamma-[32p-ATP] binding assay	[PMID: 31648877]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	3.75 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human SK-BR-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human SK-BR-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs in presence of foetal bovine serum by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
SK-OV-3	IC₅₀	3.46 μM Compound: Shikonin	Antiproliferative activity against human SK-OV-3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by Cell-TiterGlo assay Antiproliferative activity against human SK-OV-3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by Cell-TiterGlo assay	[PMID: 36723914]
SW872	IC₅₀	0.76 μM Compound: Shikonin	Anticancer activity against human SW872 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human SW872 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
SW982	IC₅₀	2.8 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human SW982 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human SW982 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
THP-1	IC₅₀	0.82 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
U-937	IC₅₀	1.2 μM Compound: 1	Cytotoxicity against human U937 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay Cytotoxicity against human U937 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 31563013]
Vero	IC₅₀	6.76 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey VERO cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey VERO cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
Vero	IC₅₀	6.76 μM Compound: Shikonin	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 35367708]
Vero C1008	IC₅₀	0.67 μM Compound: 12	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in cell growth	[PMID: 37244162]

In Vitro

Shikonin is an inhibitor of TMEM16A chloride channel with an IC₅₀ of 6.5 μM^[1]. Shikonin is also a specific inhibitor of PKM2^[2] and can also inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prevent activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Shikonin at concentrations higher than 50 μM significantly inhibits ormal human keratinocytes (NHKs) viability, compare with that of control (P<0.05). Pretreatment with Shikonin for 2 h attenuates TNF-α-induced NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation^[3]. Treatments of Shikonin at 5 and 7.5 μM significantly inhibit the cell viability starting from 12 h and the inhibitory effects are presented in time-dependent patterns compare with the 0 h group in both cell lines. It is found that 5 μM Shikonin displays greater inhibition compare to 2.5 μM at the time points from 24 to 48 h. The invasiveness of U87 and U251 cells is significantly attenuated when treated with Shikonin at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μM compare with the control group at 24 and 48 h (p<0.01)^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Shikonin significantly inhibits the increase in IL-1β and TNF-α expression levels in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with those in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The NF-κB protein expression level is significantly suppressed by Shikonin in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The induction of the iNOS level is suppressed by treatment with Shikonin in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The administration of Shikonin markedly weakens the up-regulation of COX-2 protein expression in the rat model of osteoarthritis, as compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The elevation of caspase-3 activity is significantly reduced by Shikonin treatment in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01). The downregulation of Akt phosphorylation is also significantly recovered by treatment with Shikonin in the rat model of osteoarthritis, compare with that in the osteoarthritis group (P<0.01)^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 517-89-5
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 288.30
Formula C₁₆H₁₆O₅
Color Brown to reddish brown
SMILES

O=C1C([C@H](O)C/C=C(C)/C)=CC(C2=C1C(O)=CC=C2O)=O
Synonyms

C.I. 75535; Isoarnebin 4
Structure Classification
- Quinones
- Naphthalene Quinones
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Publications (66)

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Journal Impact Factor

Gastroenterology

Oncogenic Fatty Acid Metabolism Rewires Energy Supply Chain in Gastric Carcinogenesis. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 24:S0016-5085(24)00064-7. PMID: 38272100
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Targeted SPP1 Inhibition of Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells Effectively Decreases Tumor Sizes. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 5:e2410360. PMID: 39639496
J Adv Res

The IL-1β/NETs/AIM2 axis participates in the formation of trauma-induced heterotopic ossification by orchestrating crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 28:S2090-1232(25)00478-3. PMID: 40588026
Biomaterials

Ultrasound-activated metal-polyphenol nanodroplets for tumor cuproptosis. [Abstract]

2026 Jul:330:124013. PMID: 41576479
Redox Biol

Podocyte SIRPα reduction in diabetic nephropathy aggravates podocyte injury by promoting pyruvate kinase M2 nuclear translocation. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 20:78:103439. PMID: 39586122

Shikonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Redox Biol. 2024 Nov 20:78:103439. [Abstract]

The distribution of PKM2 in podocytes isolated from CKO mice was determined by treating them with 1 μM Shikonin (KO-Shikonin) or without 1 μM Shikonin (KO-Ctrl) for 24 hours.

Shikonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Redox Biol. 2024 Nov 20:78:103439. [Abstract]

The protein levels of pP65, P65 and IL-6 in podocytes isolated from CKO mice was determined by treating them with 1 μM Shikonin (KO-Shikonin) or without 1 μM Shikonin (KO-Ctrl) for 24 hours.

Shikonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Redox Biol. 2024 Nov 20:78:103439. [Abstract]

The total ROS production in podocytes isolated from CKO mice was determined by treating them with 1 μM Shikonin (KO-Shikonin) or without 1 μM Shikonin (KO-Ctrl) for 24 hours.

Shikonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Redox Biol. 2024 Nov 20:78:103439. [Abstract]

The mRNA level of Nox4 in podocytes isolated from CKO mice was determined by treating them with 1 μM Shikonin (KO-Shikonin) or without 1 μM Shikonin (KO-Ctrl) for 24 hours.
Redox Biol

GTPBP4 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis via the PKM2 dependent glucose metabolism. [Abstract]

2022 Oct:56:102458. PMID: 36116159
J Hazard Mater

Ammonia-induced exosomal miRNA disrupts autophagy and promotes lung injury: Therapeutic potential of natural compounds. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 15:506:141417. PMID: 41775203
Cell Death Dis

M2 macrophages promote lymphatic metastasis by regulating PKM2 nuclear translocation in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 25;17(1):262. PMID: 41741407
Cell Death Dis

Oncometabolite fumarate facilitates PD-L1 expression and immune evasion in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 3;16(1):432. PMID: 40461489
Adv Healthc Mater

Shikonin-Cu(II) Supramolecular Polymers Exhibit Antitumor Activity via Necrosis and Cuproptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;14(9):e2403668. PMID: 39989125
Adv Healthc Mater

Tailored Liposomal Nanomedicine Suppresses Incomplete Radiofrequency Ablation-Induced Tumor Relapse by Reprogramming Antitumor Immunity. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;14(9):e2403979. PMID: 39962820
Cell Death Dis

Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 10;14(10):663. PMID: 37816709
Adv Healthc Mater

Inhibition of Mitochondrial Biosynthesis Using a "Right-Side-Out" Membrane-Camouflaged Micelle to Facilitate the Therapeutic Effects of Shikonin on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. [Abstract]

2022 Sep;11(18):e2200742. PMID: 35818932
Phytomedicine

Shikonin induces ferroptosis in osteosarcomas through the mitochondrial ROS-regulated HIF-1α/HO-1 axis. [Abstract]

2024 Dec:135:156139. PMID: 39423479
Phytomedicine

β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin, a key component of Zicao, induces cell cycle arrest and necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 19:134:155959. PMID: 39178682
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces

DNA Tetrahedron Nanodevice as a Co-delivery Vehicle of Shikonin and CpG Oligonucleotide for Enhanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 6;17(31):44803-44815. PMID: 40720260
Hypertension

Platelet-Derived TGF (Transforming Growth Factor)-β1 Enhances the Aerobic Glycolysis of Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells by PKM2 (Pyruvate Kinase Muscle Isoform 2) Upregulation. [Abstract]

2022 May;79(5):932-945. PMID: 35232222
J Transl Med

METTL1 mediates PKM m7G modification to regulate CD155 expression and promote immune evasion in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 31;22(1):1161. PMID: 39741310
Stem Cell Res Ther

The role of PKM2-mediated metabolic reprogramming in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs under diabetic periodontitis conditions. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 18;16(1):186. PMID: 40251642
Environ Pollut

GCN5-mediated PKM2 acetylation participates in benzene-induced hematotoxicity through regulating glycolysis and inflammation via p-Stat3/IL17A axis. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 15:295:118708. PMID: 34929209
Biochem Pharmacol

Shikonin attenuates diabetic Parkinsonian neuronal injury by facilitating p53/SLC25A28-mediated iron shuttling. [Abstract]

2026 Apr:246:117731. PMID: 41571207
Am J Chin Med

Triptolide from Tripterygium wilfordii Suppresses Glycolysis and Induces Cuproptosis via the HK2/DLAT Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. [Abstract]

2026;54(2):661-683. PMID: 41709570
J Ethnopharmacol

Shengmai-Yin resists myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting K27 ubiquitination of absent in melanoma 2. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 9:345:119553. PMID: 40010555
Chem Biol Interact

Shikonin promotes ferroptosis in HaCaT cells through Nrf2 and alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 27:110788. PMID: 39491143
Int J Oncol

Shikonin suppresses colon cancer cell growth and exerts synergistic effects by regulating ADAM17 and the IL‑6/STAT3 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;59(6):99. PMID: 34726248
Int Immunopharmacol

Shikonin improves cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating astrocyte polarization through ERK1/2-SP1-SLC7A10. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 8:169:115957. PMID: 41365200
Noncoding RNA Res

Glycolysis regulated exosomal LINC01214 inhibited CD8+ T cell function and induced anti-PD1 resistance in melanoma via modulating miR-4492/PPP1R11 axis. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 30:10:242-251. PMID: 39559293
Int Immunopharmacol

Inhibition of PKM2 suppresses osteoclastogenesis and alleviates bone loss in mouse periodontitis. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 10:129:111658. PMID: 38359663
Int Immunopharmacol

TMEM16A deficiency in alveolar type 2 epithelial cells protected against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced ferroptosis during acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 15;125(Pt B):111208. PMID: 37976603
Int Immunopharmacol

Shikonin inhibits immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression on macrophage in sepsis by modulating PKM2. [Abstract]

2023 Aug:121:110401. PMID: 37302371
J Ovarian Res

Shikonin reduces M2 macrophage population in ovarian cancer by repressing exosome production and the exosomal galectin 3-mediated β-catenin activation. [Abstract]

2024 May 14;17(1):101. PMID: 38745186
Bioengineered

Shikonin induces apoptosis and autophagy via downregulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Abstract]

2022 Mar;13(3):7904-7918. PMID: 35293266
Biomedicines

Potential Regulatory Role of miR-15b, miR-99b, and miR-181a of the Shikonin-Induced MAPK/ERK Apoptotic Signaling Pathway in Renal Carcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 27;13(12):2898. PMID: 41462911
Oncol Rep

Shikonin blocks human lung adenocarcinoma cell migration and invasion in the inflammatory microenvironment via the IL‑6/STAT3 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2020 Sep;44(3):1049-1063. PMID: 32705271
Microbiol Spectr

An effective antimicrobial strategy of colistin combined with the Chinese herbal medicine shikonin against colistin-resistant Escherichia coli. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 12;11(6):e0145923. PMID: 37800902
J Nat Prod

Target Separation and Potential Anticancer Activity of Withanolide-Based Glucose Transporter Protein 1 Inhibitors from Physalis angulata var. villosa. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 26;87(1):2-13. PMID: 38117981
Med Oncol

FLI1 accelerates leukemogenesis through transcriptional regulation of pyruvate kinase-L/R and other glycolytic genes. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 31;40(2):69. PMID: 36586017
Food Chem Toxicol

Shikonin targets to m6A-modified oxidative damage pathway to alleviate benzene-induced testicular injury. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 25;113496. PMID: 36306860
Appl Biochem Biotechnol

Shikonin Modulates the NOD2/CARD9 Pathway to Ameliorate Ulcerative Colitis Through Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 28. PMID: 41148551
J Cancer

Shikonin Inhibits Tumor Growth of ESCC by suppressing PKM2 mediated Aerobic Glycolysis and STAT3 Phosphorylation. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 11;12(16):4830-4840. PMID: 34234853
Curr Issues Mol Biol

Loss of WT1 Drives Adaptive Plasticity in CCDC6-RET Selpercatinib-Resistant Papillary Thyroid Cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 4;48(3):274. PMID: 41899426
Mol Immunol

Shikonin hastens diabetic wound healing by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarisation through the MAPK signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 25:177:73-84. PMID: 39724782
Int J Biochem Cell Biol

Novel 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives induce apoptosis via ROS-mediated p38/MAPK, Akt and STAT3 signaling in human hepatoma Hep3B cells. [Abstract]

2018 Mar:96:9-19. PMID: 29326072

Shikonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2018 Mar:96:9-19. [Abstract]

Hep3B cells are treated with 2 μmol Shikonin, 5-FU, BSNQ or OSNQ for different times (3, 6, 12 and 24 h), and stained with Annexin V and PI. The apoptotic cells are detected by fluorescence microscopy and quantified as percentages.
Vet Microbiol

The Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the OGT-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 May:316:110992. PMID: 41865607
Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol

Shikonin improves intestinal barrier function through modulation of GPX4 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. [Abstract]

2026 Jan-Dec:40:3946320261427239. PMID: 41747744
Fitoterapia

Topical application of Calvatia lilacina ethanol extract-derived fraction promotes diabetic wound healing. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:189:107087. PMID: 41485691
J Neuroimmunol

Systemic administration of Shikonin ameliorates cognitive impairment and neuron damage in NPSLE mice. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 15:382:578166. PMID: 37536051
BMC Neurosci

Shikonin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma cells by upregulating p53 and promoting miR-361-5p level to suppress ZEB1 expression. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 1;26(1):37. PMID: 40597639
Exp Ther Med

Shikonin regulates autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway and reduces apoptosis of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to improve survival in tissues surrounding brain contusion. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;22(6):1475. PMID: 34765016
Exp Ther Med

Shikonin reduces hepatic fibrosis by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting autophagy via the platelet-activating factor-mitogen-activated protein kinase axis. [Abstract]

2021 Jan;21(1):28. PMID: 33262814
FEMS Microbiol Lett

In vitro enzyme characterization and several inhibitors for monkeypox virus core protease I7L. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 17:fnaf008. PMID: 39824654
J Gene Med

Shikonin potentiates skin wound healing in Sprague-Dawley rats by stimulating fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;26(1):e3633. PMID: 38017625
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis

Shikonin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting NOD2/RIP2/NF-κB-mediated microglia polarization and neuroinflammation. [Abstract]

2024 Jun;33(6):107689. PMID: 38527567
J Chemother

2-(4-methoxyphenylthio)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone induces apoptosis via ROS-mediated MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cells. [Abstract]

2019 Jul;31(4):214-226. PMID: 31074342
Hematology

Shikonin promotes ferroptosis though NSUN2-mediated m5C methylation modification of TFRC in acute myelocytic leukemia. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;30(1):2495221. PMID: 40270446
J Vis Exp

Effects of Shikonin on HIF-1α/VEGF Signaling Pathway in Mice with Acute Lung Injury Caused by Sepsis. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 6:(220). PMID: 40549676
Scienceasia

2023 Mar 18.
Int J Morphol

2023 Nov 11.
Preprints

2025 Jul 8.
Patent

US20240382506A1.
Res Sq

2024 Nov 11.
Research Square Preprint

2023 Sep 6.
J Tradit Chinese Medical Sci

2023 Jun 16.
J Tradit Chinese Medical Sci

31 July 2022.
Research Square Print

2022 Jun.
Research Square Preprint

2021 Dec.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 125 mg/mL (433.58 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

3.4686 mL

17.3430 mL

34.6861 mL

5 mM

0.6937 mL

3.4686 mL

6.9372 mL

10 mM

0.3469 mL

1.7343 mL

3.4686 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.21 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.21 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.21 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 0.5% CMC-Na/saline water

Solubility: 30 mg/mL (104.06 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Protocol

Cell Assay^[4]

U87 and U251 cells are seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 1×10⁴ cells per well in standard DMEM and incubated for 24 h under standard conditions (37°C and 5% CO₂). Then the medium is replaced with either blank, serum-free DMEM or DMEM containing Shikonin at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μM. The total volume in each well is 200 μL. Finally, the plates are shaken softly and the optical density is recorded at 570 nm (OD₅₇₀) using a plate reader. At least three independent experiments are performed^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Administration^[5]

Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30; 8 to 10-weeks old, 250 to 300 g) are used in this study. Rats are randomly assigned to three groups: Sham-operated group (n=10), osteoarthritis model group (n=10) and Shikonin-treated group (n=10). In the sham-operated group, the right knee joint of the anesthetized rat is only exposed under sterile conditions, and the rats are treated with 0.1 ml/100 g physiological saline (i.p.). In the osteoarthritis model group, osteoarthritis model rats were treated with 0.1 ml/100 g physiological saline (i.p.). In the Shikonin-treated group, osteoarthritis model rats are treated with 10 mg/kg Shikonin (i.p.) once daily for 4 days after osteoarthritis modeling^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (283 KB)
SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Jiang Y et al. Shikonin Inhibits Intestinal Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels and Prevents Rotaviral Diarrhea. Front Pharmacol. 2016 Aug 23;7:270. [Content Brief]

[2]. Li W, et al. Shikonin Suppresses Skin Carcinogenesis via Inhibiting Cell Proliferation. PLoS One. 2015 May 11;10(5):e0126459. [Content Brief]

[3]. Yan Y, et al. Shikonin Promotes Skin Cell Proliferation and Inhibits Nuclear Factor-κB Translocation via Proteasome Inhibition In Vitro. Chin Med J (Engl). 2015 Aug 20;128(16):2228-33. [Content Brief]

[4]. Zhang FY, et al. Shikonin Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of Human Glioblastoma Cells by Targeting Phosphorylated β-Catenin and Phosphorylated PI3K/Akt: A Potential Mechanism for the Anti-Glioma Efficacy of a Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Oct 9;16(10):23823-48. [Content Brief]

[5]. Fu D, et al. Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Exp Ther Med. 2016 Oct;12(4):2735-2740. [Content Brief]

[6]. Kathleen M McAndrews, et al. Mechanisms associated with biogenesis of exosomes in cancer. Mol Cancer. 2019 Mar 30;18(1):52. [Content Brief]

[7]. Jernej Zorman, et al. Shikonin Suppresses NLRP3 and AIM2 Inflammasomes by Direct Inhibition of Caspase-1. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 28;11(7):e0159826. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	3.4686 mL	17.3430 mL	34.6861 mL	86.7152 mL
	5 mM	0.6937 mL	3.4686 mL	6.9372 mL	17.3430 mL
	10 mM	0.3469 mL	1.7343 mL	3.4686 mL	8.6715 mL
	15 mM	0.2312 mL	1.1562 mL	2.3124 mL	5.7810 mL
	20 mM	0.1734 mL	0.8672 mL	1.7343 mL	4.3358 mL
	25 mM	0.1387 mL	0.6937 mL	1.3874 mL	3.4686 mL
	30 mM	0.1156 mL	0.5781 mL	1.1562 mL	2.8905 mL
	40 mM	0.0867 mL	0.4336 mL	0.8672 mL	2.1679 mL
	50 mM	0.0694 mL	0.3469 mL	0.6937 mL	1.7343 mL
	60 mM	0.0578 mL	0.2891 mL	0.5781 mL	1.4453 mL
	80 mM	0.0434 mL	0.2168 mL	0.4336 mL	1.0839 mL
	100 mM	0.0347 mL	0.1734 mL	0.3469 mL	0.8672 mL

Keywords

Product Name:
Cat. No.:
Quantity:
MCE Japan Authorized Agent:

Product Name:
CAS No.:
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Quantity:

Shikonin

Anti-Infection Compound Library

Apoptosis Compound Library

Immunology/Inflammation Compound Library

Kinase Inhibitor Library

Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel Compound Library

Metabolism/Protease Compound Library

NF-κB Signaling Compound Library

Stem Cell Signaling Compound Library

Natural Product Library

Anti-Cancer Compound Library

Antiviral Compound Library

Anti-Aging Compound Library

Antioxidant Compound Library

Differentiation Inducing Compound Library

Oxygen Sensing Compound Library

Medicine Food Homology Compound Library

Glycolysis Compound Library

Pyroptosis Compound Library

Cytoskeleton Compound Library

Traditional Chinese Medicine Active Compound Library

Exosomes Compound Library

Anti-Breast Cancer Compound Library

Anti-Pancreatic Cancer Compound Library

Anti-Blood Cancer Compound Library

Anti-Cancer Metabolism Compound Library

Anti-Obesity Compound Library

Angiogenesis-Related Compound Library

Transcription Factor-Targeted Library

Glucose Metabolism Compound Library

Anti-Liver Cancer Compound Library

Anti-Cancer Natural Product Library

Antidepressant Compound Library

Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine Active Compound Library

Anti-inflammatory Traditional Chinese Medicine Active Compound Library

Plant-Sourced Natural Product Library

Anti-Prostate Cancer Compound Library

Anti-Pulmonary Fibrosis Compound Library

Cancer Stem Cells Compound Library

Pain-Related Compound Library

Mitochondrial Protection Compound Library

Metabolic Enzyme Compound Library

Membrane Protein-targeted Compound Library

Membrane Receptor-targeted Compound Library

Autoimmune Disease Compound Library

Highly Selective Inhibitors Library

Cytokine Inhibitors Library

Ion Channel Compound Library

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Compound Library

Anti-Hematopathy Compound Library

Anti-Ovarian Cancer Compound Library

Inflammasomes related Compound Library

Multi-Target Compound Library

Radioprotector Library

Bioactive Compound Library Max

Anti-Aging Compound Library Mini

Kinase Inhibitor Library Mini

Natural Product Library Plus

Natural Product and Natural Product-Like Compound Library

Bioactive Compound Library

Anti-Fibrosis Compound Library

Heat-Clearing and Detoxification Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Library

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Compound Library

RO5 Drug-like Natural Product Library

Cell Proliferation Compound Library

Lactic Acid Metabolic Compound Library

High-Throughput Bioactive Compound Library

High-Throughput Natural Product Library

Anti-Rheumatic Arthritis Compound Library

Posttranslational Modification Library

Mongolian Medicine Compound Library

Quinones Library

RNA Binding Bioactive Compound Library

Lactylation Compound Library

Mass Spectrometry Natural Product Library

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Shikonin

All NF-κB Isoforms

All TNF Receptor Isoforms

All HIV Isoforms

Biological Activity