Boraginaceae

Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin is a potent TMEM16A chloride channel inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6.5 μM. Shikonin is a specific pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor and can also inhibit TNF-α and NF-κB pathway. Shikonin decreases exosome secretion through the inhibition of glycolysis. Shikonin inhibits AIM2 inflammasome activation.

Acetylshikonin is an oral active anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fertility, antibacterial, and neuroprotective agent. Acetylshikonin is a inhibitor of acetylcholinase (AChE) (IC₅₀=34.6 μM) and nonselective cytochrome P450. Acetylshikonin can induce Apoptosis and Autophagy in cancer cells. Acetylshikonin regulates blood glucose, liver fat metabolism, and renal fibrosis, and is used in the study of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy (DN), obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Deoxyshikonin increases the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-A mRNA in HMVEC-dLy, promotes HIF-1α and HIF-1β subunit interaction and binds to specific DNA sequences targeted by HIF. Deoxyshikonin inhibited colorectal cancer (CRC) through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Deoxyshikonin has proangiogenesis effect and antitumor activity. Deoxyshikonin is an antibacterial agent against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. pneumonia (MIC=17 μg/mL).

(-)-Alkannin, found in Alkanna tinctoria, is used as a food coloring. (-)-Alkannin shows anticancer activity, arrests cell cycle, and induces apoptosis. (-)-Alkannin improves hepatic inflammation in a Rho-kinase pathway.

(Rac)-Arnebin 1 ((Rac)-β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin) is the racemate of β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin and/or β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin. β,β-Dimethylacrylalkannin and β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin are napthoquinones isolated from Arnebia nobilis. β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin has anti-tumor activity.

β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin (Isoarnebin I) is a naphthoquinone derivative that can be isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin promotes angiogenesis by inducing eNOS, VEGF and HIF-1α expression through the PI3K-dependent pathway. β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin inhibits Notch-1 activation. β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin inhibtis tumor cell proliferation, induces tumor cell apoptosis, and inhibits tumor growth.

9''-Methyl lithospermic acid is a serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) activator. 9''-Methyl lithospermic acid increases the levels of SPT1 and SPT2 in human keratinocytes. 9''-Methyl lithospermic acid maintains epidermal permeability barrier function by promoting SPT expression.

Methyl 9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12,15-trienoate is a soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor. Methyl 9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12,15-trienoate inhibits TPA (HY-18739)-induced ear edema/inflammation in mice. Methyl 9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12,15-trienoate can be used for the research of inflammation.

2-Deethoxy-2-hydroxyphantomolin, Germacranolide, is an Antifungal and Antibacterial agent. 2-Deethoxy-2-hydroxyphantomolin can be isolated from Elephantopus tomentosus Linn and E. mollis. 2-Deethoxy-2-hydroxyphantomolin is moderately active against Candida albicans (14 mm clearing zone) and slightly active against Escherichia coli (12 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12 mm), Bacillus subtilis (14 mm), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (13 mm).

Acetylalkannin (Alkannin acetate) is an isohexenylnaphthazarin pigment isolated from Arnebia euchroma with antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.

Isobutylshikonin is a kind of shikonin pigments found in hairy root culture of Lithospermum canescens. Isobutylshikonin decreases cell viability induces marked changes in JA-4 cells with nuclear condensation and swelling in the presence of LPS (HY-D1056).

Beta-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin is a natural product isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, acts as a potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), with IC₅₀s of 0.7μM and 1μM for EGFR and v-Src receptor, respectively. Beta-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin is effective against a wide variety of tumor cell lines, and most efficiently induces cell-death in NCI-H522 and DMS114 cells.

Beta-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin is a naturally occurring naphthoquinone-type shikonin derivative that is widely distributed in the roots and cell suspension cultures of *Arnebia euchroma*, *Arnebia guttata*, *Onosma hispidum* and *Lithospermum erythrorhizon*. Beta-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin exhibits favorable antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing promoting and antioxidant activities, and also possesses potential anti-tumor and anti-HIV properties.

4-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)benzoic acid is a phenolic glucoside can be isolated from fennel seeds.

Shikonin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Shikonin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin is a potent TMEM16A chloride channel inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6.5 μM. Shikonin is a specific pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor and can also inhibit TNF-α and NF-κB pathway. Shikonin decreases exosome secretion through the inhibition of glycolysis. Shikonin inhibits AIM2 inflammasome activation.

(+)-Intermedine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), exhibits significant cytotoxicity in neural progenitor cells (NPCs).

(-)-Rabdosiin is a novel phenolic marker, found from Symphytum officinale L. (-)-Rabdosiin shows antioxidant, neuroprotective or anti-HIV activities.

(3Z,6Z)-Nonadienal is a volatile compoound that can be found in the oyster leaf (Mertensia maritima). (3Z,6Z)-Nonadienal shows reminiscent of the oyster-like marine notes.

Monardic acid A is a selective inhibitor of AChE, with an IC₅₀ of 53.1 μM against AChE from electric eel. Monardic acid A shows weak inhibitory activity against human erythrocyte AChE (IC₅₀ >100 μM) and has no significant inhibitory effect on BChE. Monardic acid A reduces acetylcholine breakdown by inhibiting AChE activity, and also exhibits inhibitory activity against histamine release and hyaluronidase, thus exerting anti-inflammatory and neurotransmitter regulatory effects. Monardic acid A can be isolated from lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis) and thyme (Thymus gobicus), and is mainly used in the development of anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs related to neurodegenerative diseases.

Lantadene B is a triterpene component. Lantadene B can be isolated from the red variety of Lantana Camara. Lantadene B can be used in the research of cancer and inflammatory diseases.