2. Academic Validation
  3. Combination antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy mitigates persistent neurological deficits in mice post SARS-CoV-2 infection

Combination antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy mitigates persistent neurological deficits in mice post SARS-CoV-2 infection

  • Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026 Jan 13;123(2):e2530209123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2530209123.
Abhishek Kumar Verma 1,  Lu Tan 1,  Noah Schuster 1,  Skyler L Moye 1,  Li-Chun Lin 2 3,  Shea Lowery 1,  Eazhisaivallabi Duraisami 1,  Juan E Abrahante Lloréns 4,  Qiang Qiu 5,  Marco Hefti 6,  David K Meyerholz 6,  Mitchell C Coleman 7,  C Ron Yu 5 8,  Mark W Albers 9,  Stanley Perlman 1
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.
  • 2 Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.
  • 3 Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.
  • 4 Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
  • 5 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110.
  • 6 Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.
  • 7 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.
  • 8 Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4975.
  • 9 Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.
PMID: 41499397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2530209123
Abstract

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) encompasses persistent Neurological Disease, including olfactory and cognitive dysfunction. The basis for this dysfunction is poorly understood. Here, we report neurological dysfunction for at least 120 d postinfection in mice infected with a virulent nonneurotropic mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2. Long after recovery from nasal Infection, we observed diminished Tyrosine Hydroxylase expression in olfactory bulb glomeruli and in substantia nigra. Similar changes were observed in brains of COVID-19 deceased patients. Vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in these brain areas was accompanied by increased proinflammatory cytokines, and neurobehavioral changes. RNAseq analysis unveiled persistent microglia activation, similar to human neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment with antivirals (nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir) at the time of Infection minimally prevented neurological abnormalities, consistent with patient data. In contrast, antivirals plus corticosteroids resulted in nearly complete recovery of neurological function. Remarkably, initiation of combined therapy even three days after Infection improved outcomes. Together these results demonstrate that neurological dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice resembles human neurodegenerative disease and indicate that minimizing inflammation early after SARS-CoV-2 Infection may be critical for decreasing neurological PASC. The requirement for decreasing inflammation soon after Infection may also explain why Antiviral therapy has had inconsistent effects in patients.

Keywords

SARS-CoV-2; antiviral; long-COVID; microglia; neuroimmunology.

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