Therapeutic Potential of a Novel Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Phage XAN_XB1: Isolation, Characterization, Genome Analysis and Evaluation in Mice Model

A novel lytic bacteriophage, XAN_XB1, was isolated from hospital wastewater through host Bacterial enrichment and evaluated for its potential in controlling multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that XAN_XB1 has a long tail, possessing an icosahedral head of ~80 nm in diameter and a tail measuring ~150 nm in length. It produced clear plaques of 0.5-1 mm on host Bacterial lawns. Host range analysis demonstrated its ability to infect multiple multidrug-resistant S. maltophilia isolates. Biological characterization showed that the phage is chloroform-insensitive, retains strong lytic activity across a wide temperature (4-60 °C) and pH (3.0-10.0) range, and achieves more rapid host suppression under higher multiplicity of Infection (MOI). Whole-genome Sequencing determined a ~47 kb double-stranded DNA genome encoding 71 predicted open reading frames, with no known virulence or Antibiotic resistance genes. Phylogenetic analysis of MCP and terminase large subunit sequences placed XAN_XB1 in a unique Caudoviricetes, with ANI values below the 95% ICTV threshold verifying its status as a novel phage species. The XAN_XB1 therapy significantly alleviates S. maltophilia infection-induced severe pulmonary inflammatory lesions, high mortality, elevated serum inflammatory factors and massive pulmonary Bacterial colonization in male BALB/c mice, confirming its favorable therapeutic effect on such infections. Collectively, these results reveal that is an efficacious candidate for therapeutic development against S. maltophilia infections.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; bacteriophage; drug-resistant bacteria; phage therapy.