2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0378S5
    D-Mannitol-d
    		Inducer
    D-Mannitol-d is the deuterium labeled D-Mannitol (HY-N0378). D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells. D-Mannitol is commonly used to maintain osmotic pressure between the plant cytoplasm and the culture medium and protect cells when the cell wall is weakened or even removed.
    D-Mannitol-d
  • HY-174870
    PROTAC ERα Degrader-11
    		Inducer
    PROTAC ERα Degrader-11 is a selective and intrinsically fluorescent (Ex: 366 nm, Em: 440 nm) ERα PROTAC degrader. PROTAC ERα Degrader-11 shows good antiproliferative activity, selective ERα degradation and imaging capabilities in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. PROTAC ERα Degrader-11 induces G2/M phase arrest and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. PROTAC ERα Degrader-11 is well-tolerated up to a dose of 500 mg/ kg with no acute toxicity in athymic nude mice. PROTAC ERα Degrader-11 can be used for the study of breast cancer.(Pink: ERα ligand (HY-167701), Blue: CRBN Ligand (HY-150831), Black: Linker, E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate (HY-174880)).
    PROTAC ERα Degrader-11
  • HY-151406
    hCAIX-IN-13
    		Inducer
    hCAIX-IN-13 (Pt2) is an inhibitor of CAIX (arbonic anhydrase IX) with an IC50 value of 6.57 μM. hCAIX-IN-13 inhibits growth of cancer cells and induces cell apoptosis, it can be used for the research of cancer.
    hCAIX-IN-13
  • HY-N7071AR
    Maduramicin ammonium (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Maduramicin (ammonium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Maduramicin (ammonium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Maduramicin ammonium (Maduramycin ammonium) is isolated from the actinomycete Actinomadura rubra. Maduramicin ammonium (Maduramycin ammonium) is an anticoccidial agent for the the treatment of Eimeria spp., E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis, and E. dispersa infection. Maduramicin ammonium (Maduramycin ammonium) induces cell apoptosis in chicken myocardial cells via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
    Maduramicin ammonium (Standard)
  • HY-174469
    PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2
    		Inducer
    PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 is a selective PI3K/p110β PROTAC degrader. PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 can significantly degrade 110β protein and inhibit the expression of P-glycoprotein. PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 can increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 exerts anti-tumor effects by activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and inhibiting the AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2 can be used for research on cancer. (Pink: PI3K/110β Ligand (HY-75124); Blue: VHL Ligand (HY-125845); Black: Linker (HY-W002042)).
    PROTAC PI3K/110β degrader-2
  • HY-173403
    TrxR-IN-8
    		Inducer
    TrxR-IN-8 (Compound 6f) is a selective TrxR inhibitor (IC50: 10.2 μM). TrxR-IN-8 induces apoptosis through oxidative stress by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing intracellular thiols, and lowering the glutathione/glutathione ratio. TrxR-IN-8 exhibits significant cytotoxicity against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.
    TrxR-IN-8
  • HY-180425
    Cloridarol
    		Inhibitor
    Cloridarol is a human islet amyloid peptide (hIAPP) inhibitor that prevents its abnormal misfolding and aggregation. Cloridarol can increase cell viability, inhibit apoptosis, and protect islet β-cells from hIAPP-induced cell toxicity. Cloridarol can be used for the research of type 2 diabetes (T2D).
    Cloridarol
  • HY-164489
    KU004
    		Inducer
    KU004 is a potent dual EGFR/HER2 inhibitor with anticancer effects. KU004 inhibits the proliferation of human breast cancer SKBR3 cells by inducing G1 phase arrest. KU004 blocks the activation of HER2, EGFR and downstream Akt and Erk pathways and induces cell Apoptosis mainly via the extrinsic pathway. KU004 is a quinazoline derivative.
    KU004
  • HY-146988
    hCAIX/XII-IN-1
    		Inducer
    hCAIX/XII-IN-1 is a potent CAIX/XII inhibitor with the KI values of 0.48 µM and 0.83 µM for CAIX and CAXII, respectively. hCAIX/XII-IN-1 shows antiproliferative activity in vitro. hCAIX/XII-IN-1 induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.
    hCAIX/XII-IN-1
  • HY-N6257R
    Cafestol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cafestol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cafestol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cafestol is an orally active diterpenoid and an inhibitor of ERK2. Cafestol has elevated blood lipids, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-diabetic activities. In addition, Cafestol induces tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy, which can be used in the study of cancer.
    Cafestol (Standard)
  • HY-161863
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-67
    		Inducer
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 (Compound 5h) is an inhibitor for tubulin polymerization on colchicine binding site with an IC50 of 2.92 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells HT29, A549, U2OS, MG-63 and HeLa with IC50s of 0.12-4.13 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase, induces apoptosis in cell U2OS, inhibits the cell migration of A549. Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 reduces the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increase intracellular ROS, inhibits the angiogenesis in HUVECs. Tubulin polymerization-IN-67 exhibits antitumor efficacy in mice
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-67
  • HY-N3248
    Momordicoside G
    		Inducer
    Momordicoside G (Momordicacoside G) is an orally active cucurbitane-type triterpene glycoside. Momordicoside G selectively induces apoptosis of M1-like macrophages, without affecting M2-like macrophages. Momordicoside G reduces intracellular ROS levels and promotes autophagy. Momordicoside G also has anticancer activity, inhibiting the growth of cancer cell lines. Momordicoside G stimulates M2-associated lung injury repair and prevents inflammatory lung cancer injury.
    Momordicoside G
  • HY-122359A
    rel-Levormeloxifene
    		Inducer
    rel-Levormeloxifene (rel-L-Centchroman) is the relative configuration of Levormeloxifene (HY-122359). rel-Levormeloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). rel-Levormeloxifene inhibits proliferation of leukemia cells with IC50 about 7 μM, arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, and induces apoptosis. rel-Levormeloxifene induces differentation of myelogenesis leukemia, and enhances ROS production in K562 cells.
    rel-Levormeloxifene
  • HY-155023
    Apoptosis inducer 13
    		Inducer
    Apoptosis inducer 13 (Compound Ru4) can induce cancer cell apoptosis, and inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion. Apoptosis inducer 13 converts coenzyme NADH to NAD+, and increases intracellular ROS levels.
    Apoptosis inducer 13
  • HY-144825
    Chol-CTPP
    		Inducer
    Chol-CTPP is a ligand with dual targeting effect on blood-brain barrier (BBB) and glioma cells. Lip-CTPP can be gained by Chol-CTPP and another mitochondria targeting ligand (Chol-TPP). Lip-CTPP is a promising potential carrier to exert the anti-glioma effect of doxorubicin (DOX) and lonidamine (LND) collaboratively. Lip-CTPP elevates the inhibition rate of tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion, promote apoptosis and necrosis, and interfere with mitochondrial function.
    Chol-CTPP
  • HY-B0091R
    Adapalene (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Adapalene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adapalene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adapalene (CD271), a third-generation synthetic retinoid, is widely used for the research of acne. Adapalene is a potent RAR agonist, with AC50s of 2.3 nM, 9.3 nM, and 22 nM for RARβ, RARγ, RARα, respectively. Adapalene also inhibits the enzymatic activity of GOT1 in a non-competitive manner. Adapalene exhibits anti-tumor activity.
    Adapalene (Standard)
  • HY-N10091
    2,3-Dihydro-3α-methoxynimbolide
    2,3-Dihydro-3α-methoxynimbolide is a limonoid compound isolated from the extracts of bark, leaves, roots, and seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. var. siamensis Valeton. 2,3-Dihydro-3α-methoxynimbolide exhibits potent cyto-toxicities against one or more cell lines. 2,3-Dihydro-3α-methoxynimbolide activates caspases-3, -8, and -9, while increases the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. 2,3-Dihydro-3α-methoxynimbolide induces apoptosis via both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways in AZ521.
    2,3-Dihydro-3α-methoxynimbolide
  • HY-B2054S
    Tebufenozide-d9
    		Inducer
    Tebufenozide-d9 is the deuterium labeled Tebufenozide (HY-B2054). Tebufenozide is a nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist used to control pest. Tebufenozide has cytotoxic and induces apoptosis in HeLa and insect Tn5B1-4 cells.
    Tebufenozide-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-175497
    ROR1-IN-4
    		Inducer
    ROR1-IN-4 is a selective ROR1 inhibitor with a Kd of 52 nM. ROR1-IN-4 shows potent anti-proliferative activity against TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 (IC50 = 75 nM). ROR1-IN-4 reduces colony formation, induces apoptosis and inhibits the phosphorylation of ROR1 (Tyr786) in MDA-MB-231 cells. ROR1-IN-4 demonstrates superior anti-tumor efficacy in nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 subcutaneous xenografts. ROR1-IN-4 can be used for the study of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
    ROR1-IN-4
  • HY-12048R
    Chelerythrine chloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Chelerythrine (chloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chelerythrine (chloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chelerythrine chloride is a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of protein kinase C, with an IC50 of 660 nM. Chelerythrine chloride inhibits the Bcl-XL-Bak BH3 peptide binding with IC50 of 1.5 μM and displaces Bax from Bcl-XL. Chelerythrine chloride induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Chelerythrine chloride (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity