2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0772R
    Isomangiferin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Isomangiferin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isomangiferin (HY-N0772). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isomangiferin is an orally active xanthone C-glucoside, and its chemical structure is similar to Mangiferin (HY-N0290). Isomangiferin is an effective VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitor, which can induces cell apoptosis, inhibit the growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of breast cancer. Isomangiferin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the HMGB1/NLRP3/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby improving the renal function indicators of diabetic mice. Isomangiferin exhibits inhibitory effects on various bacteria and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and reduces cell apoptosis and the production of ROS by activating the AMPK/ACC pathway, thereby facilitating fracture healing.
    Isomangiferin (Standard)
  • HY-77813R
    Benzyl isothiocyanate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Benzyl isothiocyanate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Benzyl isothiocyanate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Benzyl isothiocyanate is an orally available isothiocyanate with bactericidal, anticancer, antiangiogenic and anthelmintic activities. Benzyl isothiocyanate exerts anticancer functions by regulating multiple signaling pathways, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. In addition, Benzyl isothiocyanate can enhance muscle insulin sensitivity to improve obesity-induced hyperglycemia[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].
    Benzyl isothiocyanate (Standard)
  • HY-175770
    mIDH1-IN-2
    		Inducer
    mIDH1-IN-2 is a brain-penetrant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) inhibitor. mIDH1-IN-2 shows subnanomolar potency against IDH1 R132H and R132C (IC50 = 80.0 and 58.0 nM) and minimal activity against wt-IDH1/2. mIDH1-IN-2 also inhibits PDK1 (IC50 = 0.61 μM) and reduces PDH phosphorylation dose-dependently. mIDH1-IN-2 can inhibit cells proliferation, induces S phase arrest and promotes apoptosis. mIDH1-IN-2 can be used for the research of cancer, such as glioma.
    mIDH1-IN-2
  • HY-108356R
    NS3694 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    NS3694 (Standard) is the analytical standard of NS3694 (HY-108356). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. NS3694, a diarylurea compound, is an apoptosome inhibitor. NS3694 inhibits apoptosome formation and caspase activation.
    NS3694 (Standard)
  • HY-W587938
    γ-Eudesmol
    		Inducer
    γ-Eudesmol ((+)-γ-Eudesmol) is a mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis inducer. γ-Eudesmol binds mitochondrial membrane proteins, triggering depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and activating caspase cascades. γ-Eudesmol demonstrates cytotoxicity against multiple tumor cell lines (e.g., HepG2, B16-F10) with IC50 values ranging from 8.86-15.15 μg/mL. γ-Eudesmol is promising for research of cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma.
    γ-Eudesmol
  • HY-101563R
    GSK3326595 (Standard)
    GSK3326595 (Standard) is the analytical standard of GSK3326595 (HY-101563). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. GSK3326595 is a protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibitor. GSK3326595 decreases SARS-CoV-2 infection, inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and increases hepatic triglyceride levels without affecting atherosclerosis. GSK3326595 can be used for research of relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma.
    GSK3326595 (Standard)
  • HY-N3011R
    Iridin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Iridin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Iridin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Iridin is an orally active natural isoflavone. Iridin inhibits the PI3K/AKT and PKM2 signaling pathways, and downregulates the JAK/STAT and NF-κB pathways. Iridin induces Fas-mediated extrinsic apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and inhibits cell proliferation. Iridin reduces inflammation, inhibits ROS production, suppresses glycolysis, and also exhibits antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Iridin can be used in research related to gastric cancer and acute lung injury.
    Iridin (Standard)
  • HY-N12141
    Flaccidoside II
    		Inducer
    Flaccidoside II inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) cell lines. Flaccidoside II ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Flaccidoside II is an active triterpenoid saponin constituent from Anemone flaccida rhizome.
    Flaccidoside II
  • HY-N0314R
    Pectolinarin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pectolinarin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pectolinarin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pectolinarin possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Pectolinarin inhibits secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the production of PGE2 and NO. Pectolinarin suppresses cell proliferation and inflammatory response and induces apoptosis via inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
    Pectolinarin (Standard)
  • HY-W009749R
    L-Cystathionine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    L-Cystathionine is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine plays an important role in cardiovascular protection.
    L-Cystathionine (Standard)
  • HY-103269R
    BAI1 (Standard)
    		Modulator
    BAI1 (Standard) is the analytical standard of BAI1 (HY-103269). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. BAI1 is a selective and allosteric inhibitor of BAX, an apoptosis regulator. BAI1 directly binds to BAX and allosterically inhibits BAX activation. BAI1 has the potential for the research of diseases mediated by BAX-dependent cell death.
    BAI1 (Standard)
  • HY-B0185S2
    Lidocaine-d6
    		Inducer
    Lidocaine-d6 (Lignocaine-d6) is deuterium labeled Lidocaine. Lidocaine (Lignocaine) inhibits sodium channels involving complex voltage and using dependence. Lidocaine decreases growth, migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells via up-regulating miR-145 expression and further inactivation of MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Lidocaine is an amide derivative and has potential for the research of ventricular arrhythmia.
    Lidocaine-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N10782
    Balanophonin
    		Inhibitor
    Balanophonin is an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent. Balanophonin inhibits microglial activation and neurodegeneration via inhibiting activated microglia-induced apoptosis.
    Balanophonin
  • HY-46004
    Taltobulin intermediate-10
    		Control
    Taltobulin intermediate-10 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Taltobulin (HY-15584). Taltobulin is a common toxin component in ADC preparation (ADC Cytotoxin), and it is also a powerful tubulin (Microtubule/Tubulin) inhibitor. Taltobulin disrupts tubulin polymerization, induces mitotic arrest, and induces apoptosis.
    Taltobulin intermediate-10
  • HY-15597R
    Salinomycin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Salinomycin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Salinomycin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Salinomycin (Procoxacin), a polyether potassium ionophore antibiotic, selectively inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria. Salinomycin is a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, blocks Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation. Salinomycin shows selective activity against human cancer stem cells[1][2][3].
    Salinomycin (Standard)
  • HY-164551
    YLL545
    		Inducer
    YLL545 is a type of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitor. YLL545 can inhibit VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and the activation of downstream signaling factors (like phosphorylated STAT3 and phosphorylated ERK1/2) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). YLL545 can suppress the proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of HUVEC. YLL545 can induce apoptosis in breast cancer mice and inhibit tumor growth.
    YLL545
  • HY-10626R
    T0901317 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    T0901317 (Standard) is the analytical standard of T0901317. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. T0901317 is an orally active and highly selective LXR agonist with an EC50 of 20 nM for LXRα. T0901317 activates FXR with an EC50 of 5 μM. T0901317 is RORα and RORγ dual inverse agonist with Ki values of 132 nM and 51 nM, respectively. T0901317 induces apoptosis and inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice.
    T0901317 (Standard)
  • HY-101518R
    Alrizomadlin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Alrizomadlin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Alrizomadlin (HY-101518). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Alrizomadlin (APG-115) is an orally active MDM2 protein inhibitor binding to MDM2 protein with IC50 and Ki values of 3.8 nM and 1 nM, respectively. Alrizomadlin blocks the interaction of MDM2 and p53 and induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner.
    Alrizomadlin (Standard)
  • HY-103181R
    N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (Standard)
    		Activator
    N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (HY-103181). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) is a selective Adenosine A1 receptor agonist, with Ki values of 2.3 nM, 790 nM and 43 nM for human A1, A2A and A3 receptors, respectively. N6-cyclopentyladenosine increases Apoptosis. N6-Cyclopentyladenosine has antitumor activity against leukemia. N6-cyclopentyladenosine improves 5-fluorouracil (HY-90006)-induced hematopoietic damage, regulates sleep, and delays Aminophylline-induced clonic epileptic seizures.
    N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (Standard)
  • HY-12956AR
    Dinoprost tromethamine salt (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dinoprost (tromethamine salt) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dinoprost (tromethamine salt). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dinoprost tromethamine salt (Prostaglandin F2α tromethamine salt) is an orally active, potent prostaglandin F (PGF) receptor (FP receptor) agonist. Dinoprost tromethamine salt is a luteolytic hormone produced locally in the endometrial luminal epithelium and corpus luteum (CL). Dinoprost tromethamine salt plays a key role in the onset and progression of labour.
    Dinoprost tromethamine salt (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity