2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0260S2
    Methylprednisolone-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Methylprednisolone-d4 is deuterium labeled Methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Methylprednisolone improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels.
    Methylprednisolone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-112509
    STL427944
    		Inhibitor
    STL427944 is a potent and selective FOXM1 inhibitor. STL427944 has the potential for the research of overcoming tumor chemoresistance.
    STL427944
  • HY-15431S
    Capivasertib-d4
    		Inhibitor
    Capivasertib-d4 (AZd5363-d4) is the deuterium labeled Capivasertib (HY-15431). Capivasertib (AZD5363) is an orally active and potent pan-AKT kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 3, 7 and 7 nM for Akt1,Akt2 and Akt3, respectively.
    Capivasertib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-183737
    ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1 is a ATG5-TECAIR interaction inhibitor with an IC50 of 20.79 μM. ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1 inhibits autophagy. TG5/TECAIR-IN-1 is applicable to research on modulating protein-protein interactions to intervene in autophagy-related diseases, such as infectious diseases and cancers.
    ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1
  • HY-N0741AR
    Leonurine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Leonurine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Leonurine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Leonurine hydrochloride is an alkaloid isolated from Leonurus artemisia, with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory.
    Leonurine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-17507AR
    Pantoprazole sodium (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pantoprazole (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pantoprazole (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pantoprazole sodium (BY10232 sodium) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole sodium (Standard)
  • HY-118620R
    Nortriptyline (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Nortriptyline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nortriptyline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nortriptyline (Desmethylamitriptyline), the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, is a tricyclic antidepressant. Nortriptyline is a potent autophagy inhibitor and has anticancer effects. N
    Nortriptyline (Standard)
  • HY-176481
    ML-20
    		Inhibitor
    ML-20, Malabaricone C (HY-N8518) analogue, is a autophagy inhibitor and radiosensitizer. ML-20 inhibits cell growth, induces cell apoptosis . ML-20 induces DNA double-strand breaks, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). ML-20 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and concurrent inhibition of autophagy flux due to LMP .
    ML-20
  • HY-183351
    GN-604
    		Inhibitor
    GN-604 is a targeted drug conjugate (Targeted Drug Conjugate, TDC) formed by conjugation of GNS561 (HY-137978) with DN604, a Pt (II) complex. GN-604 selectively inhibits PPT1, induces lysosomal dysfunction, suppresses autophagy and triggers apoptosis. GN-604 promotes the targeted sequestration of Pt (II) inside cells, induces DNA damage and inhibits the proliferation of malignant cells. GN-604 is applicable to research related to triple-negative breast cancer.
    GN-604
  • HY-103438
    BIBU1361
    		Inhibitor
    BIBU1361 induces apoptosis and inhibits autophagy. BIBU1361 inhibits pro-survival pathways Akt/mTOR and gp130/JAK/STAT3, and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6.
    BIBU1361
  • HY-A0077S2
    Perphenazine-d6 fumarate
    		Inhibitor
    Perphenazine-d6 (fumarate) is a deuterated labeled Perphenazine. Perphenazine is an orally active dopamine receptor and histamine-1 receptor antagonist, with Ki values of 0.56 nM (D2), 0.43 nM (D3), 6 nM (5-HT2A), respectively. Perphenazine also binds to Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor. Perphenazine inhibits cancer cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis. Perphenazine can be used in the research of mental disease, cancer, inflammation.
    Perphenazine-d<sub>6</sub> fumarate
  • HY-A0077A
    Perphenazine dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Perphenazine dihydrochloride is an orally active dopamine receptor and histamine-1 receptor antagonist, with Ki values of 0.56 nM (D2), 0.43 nM (D3), 6 nM (5-HT2A), respectively. Perphenazine dihydrochloride also binds to Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor. Perphenazine dihydrochloride inhibits cancer cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis. Perphenazine dihydrochloride can be used in the research of mental disease, cancer, inflammation.
    Perphenazine dihydrochloride
  • HY-Y1269I
    Ammonium chloride, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
    		Inhibitor
    Ammonium chloride United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard (Salmiac, Pharmaceutical primary standard, USP) is a reagent that can be used in cell culture to provide a source of nitrogen. Ammonium chloride can be used as a heteropolar compound to regulate pH value, which can cause intracellular alkalination and metabolic acidosis, thus affecting the activity of enzymes and affecting the process of biological systems. Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.
    Ammonium chloride, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
  • HY-12041G
    SP600125 (GMP)
    		Inhibitor
    SP600125 (GMP) is SP600125 (HY-12041) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. SP600125 is an orally active, reversible, and ATP-competitive JNK inhibitor with IC50s of 40, 40 and 90 nM for JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3, respectively. SP600125 is a potent ferroptosis inhibitor. SP600125 induces the transformation of bladder cancer cells from autophagy to apoptosis.
    SP600125 (GMP)
  • HY-17507BR
    Pantoprazole sodium hydrate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pantoprazole (sodium hydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pantoprazole (sodium hydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate (BY10232 sodium hydrate) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium hydrate, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole sodium hydrate (Standard)
  • HY-172094
    AMPK-IN-6
    		Inhibitor
    AMPK-IN-6 (compound 13a) is potent AMPK inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.093 µM. AMPK-IN-6 induces apoptosis and inhibits autophagy. AMPK-IN-6 shows antiproliferative activity. AMPK-IN-6 has the potential for the research of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
    AMPK-IN-6
  • HY-183848
    ATG5-TECAIR-IN-3
    		Inhibitor
    ATG5-TECAIR-IN-3 is an ATG5-targeting autophagy inhibitor. ATG5-TECAIR-IN-3 exhibits weak autophagy inhibitory activity. ATG5-TECAIR-IN-3 could be used in cancer-related research.
    ATG5-TECAIR-IN-3
  • HY-103691
    ARN5187
    		Inhibitor
    ARN5187 is a lysosomotropic REV-ERBβ ligand with a dual inhibitory activity toward REV-ERB-mediated transcriptional regulation and autophagy. ARN5187 shows lysosomotropic potency and cytotoxicity. ARN5187 induces apoptosis.
    ARN5187
  • HY-N6772R
    Cytochalasin E (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Antazoline (phosphate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Antazoline (phosphate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Antazoline phosphate is an H1 receptor antagonist that affects the activity of the central nervous system, has a potent antiarrhythmic effect.
    Cytochalasin E (Standard)
  • HY-B2098A
    Lucanthone hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Lucanthone hydrochloride is an endonuclease inhibitor of Apurinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1).
    Lucanthone hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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