2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0372AS
    Bromhexine-d3 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.0%
    Bromhexine-d3 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Bromhexine (hydrochloride). Bromhexine hydrochloride is a potent and specific TMPRSS2 protease inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.75 μM. Bromhexine hydrochloride can prevent and manage SARS-CoV-2 infection. Bromhexine hydrochloride is an autophagy agonist. Bromhexine hydrochloride is a mucolytic cough suppressant and has the potential for a range of respiratory conditions.
    Bromhexine-d<sub>3</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-138789A
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG1-NH2 diTFA
    		Inducer 99.43%
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG1-NH2 diTFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG1-NH2 diTFA
  • HY-W010201R
    Citronellol (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Citronellol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Citronellol. Citronellol (Standard) is an orally active inducer of apoptosis. Citronellol (Standard) can prevent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cell Parkinson's disease model induced by 6-OHDA by regulating the ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Citronellol (Standard) can induce necroptosis in human lung cancer cells through the TNF-α pathway and accumulation of ROS. Citronellol (Standard) can reduce the levels of LC-3 and p62 to regulate the autophagy pathway, inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and thus have neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's rats. Citronellol (Standard) exhibits anti-fungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.
    Citronellol (Standard)
  • HY-50895S1
    Gefitinib-d6
    		Inducer 98.2%
    Gefitinib-d6 is the deuterium labeled Gefitinib. Gefitinib (ZD1839) is a potent, selective and orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 33 nM. Gefitinib selectively inhibits EGF-stimulated tumor cell growth (IC50 of 54 nM) and that blocks EGF-stimulated EGFR autophosphorylation in tumor cells. Gefitinib also induces autophagy. Gefitinib has antitumour activity.
    Gefitinib-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-139548
    Thalidomide-5-methyl
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Thalidomide-5-methyl is the Thalidomide (HY-14658)-based cereblon (CRBN) ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-5-methyl can be used to synthesize PROTAC.
    Thalidomide-5-methyl
  • HY-N0305S3
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-13C-1 hydrochloride
    		98.0%
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-13C-1 (5-ALA-13C-1) hydrochloride is the 13C labeled 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride. 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA hydrochloride) is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis in the body and the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-<sup>13</sup>C-1 hydrochloride
  • HY-B0561S1
    Spironolactone-d3
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Spironolactone-d3 is the deuterium labeled Spironolactone. Spironolactone (SC9420) is an orally active aldosterone mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 24 nM. Spironolactone is also a potent antagonist of androgen receptor with an IC50 of 77 nM. Spironolactone promotes autophagy in podocytes.
    Spironolactone-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-162588
    MC-ND-18
    MC-ND-18 is an ATTEC degrader that degrades NLRP3 via the Autophagy pathway, with a DC50 of 125.5 nM in THP-1 cells. MC-ND-18 exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in a DSS-induced mouse model of colitis. MC-ND-18 can be used for research on inflammatory bowel disease. MC-ND-18 consists of an NLRP3 inhibitor (HY-156121), a linker (HY-W018745), and an LC3 ligand.
    MC-ND-18
  • HY-P1528
    Autocamtide 2, amide
    		99.47%
    Autocamtide 2, amide is a substrate (100 μM final concentration) for CaMK family assays.
    Autocamtide 2, amide
  • HY-113636
    Kazinol A
    		Inducer
    Kazinol A induces cytotoxic effects in human bladder cancer cells, including the cisplatin-resistant T24R2.
    Kazinol A
  • HY-135887
    ZX-29
    		Inducer 98.59%
    ZX-29 is a potent and selective ALK inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.1 nM, 1.3 nM and 3.9 nM for ALK, ALK L1196M and ALK G1202R mutations, respectively. ZX-29 is inactive against EGFR. ZX-29 induces apoptosis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and overcomes cell resistance caused by an ALK mutation. ZX-29 also induces protective autophagy and has antitumor effect.
    ZX-29
  • HY-N2199
    Sotetsuflavone
    		Inducer
    Sotetsuflavone is a flavonoid that can be isolated from Cycas revolute. Sotetsuflavone inhibits phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, JNK, and p38 MAPK; modulates expression of Cyclin D1, CDK4, Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspases 3/9, MMP-9, TGF-β, STAT3, and β-catenin. Sotetsuflavone induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, and intracellular ROS elevation, inhibits cancer cell proliferation. Sotetsuflavone inhibits tumor growth in mouse tumor xenograft models. Sotetsuflavone can be used for the research of non-small cell lung cancer and Crohn’s disease.
    Sotetsuflavone
  • HY-18754A
    FR 167653
    		99.87%
    FR 167653 (FR 167653 sulfate), an orally active and selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, is a potent suppressor of TNF-α and IL-1β production via specific inhibition of p38 MAPK activity. FR 167653 (FR 167653 sulfate) is effective in treating inflammation, relieving trauma and ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo.
    FR 167653
  • HY-B0233S
    Isradipine-d3
    		Inducer 98.56%
    Isradipine-d3 (PN 200-110-d3) is the deuterium labeled Isradipine. Isradipine (PN 200-110) is an orally active L-type calcium channel blocker. Isradipine, as a powerful peripheral vasodilator, is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with selective actions on the heart as well as the peripheral circulation. Isradipine is a potentially viable neuroprotective agent for Parkinson's disease.
    Isradipine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-W723781
    Sodium butyrate-d3
    		99.95%
    Sodium butyrate-d3 (Butanoic acid-d3 sodium) is the deuterium labeled Sodium butyrate (HY-B0350A). Sodium Butyrate (sodium butanoate) is an inhibitor of HDAC, possessing anti-tumor activity.
    Sodium butyrate-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-124761
    Poloppin
    		Inhibitor 99.40%
    Poloppin is a potent, cell penetrant inhibitor of the mitotic Polo-like kinase (PLK) (IC50=26.9 μM) and prevents the protein-protein interaction via the Polo-box domain (PBD) (Kd= 29.5 μM). Poloppin selectively kills cells expressing mutant KRAS, enhancing death in mitosis. Poloppin is used for the study of KRAS-mutant cancers as single agents, or in combination with c-MET inhibitors.
    Poloppin
  • HY-N7088R
    Raffinose (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Raffinose (Standard) is the analytical standard of Raffinose. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Raffinose (Melitose) regulates intestinal flora, inhibits TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway, and activates Nrf2 signaling pathway. Raffinose exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. Raffinose is orally active.
    Raffinose (Standard)
  • HY-N0089R
    Schisandrin B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Schisandrin B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Schisandrin B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Schisandrin B (γ-Schisandrin) is a biphenylcyclooctadiene derivative isolated from Schisandra chinensis and has been shown to have antioxidant effects on the liver and heart of rodents.
    Schisandrin B (Standard)
  • HY-B0532AR
    Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Trifluoperazine (dihydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trifluoperazine (dihydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride, an antipsychotic agent, acts by blocking central dopamine receptors. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a potent α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a potent NUPR1 inhibitor exerting anticancer activity. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a calmodulin inhibitor, and also inhibits P-glycoprotein. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride can be used for the research of schizophrenia. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride acts as a reversible inhibitor of influenza virus morphogenesis.
    Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-10181G
    Dasatinib (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Dasatinib (BMS-354825) (GMP) is a GMP-grade Dasatinib (HY-10181). GMP-grade small molecules can be used as adjuvant agents in cell therapy. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is an orally active, ATP-competitive, dual Src/Bcr-Abl inhibitor with potent antitumor activity. The Ki values ​​for Src and Bcr-Abl are 16 pM and 30 pM, respectively. Dasatinib inhibits Bcr-Abl and Src with IC50 values ​​of less than 1.0 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Dasatinib also induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Dasatinib (GMP)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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