2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12705AR
    Bromocriptine mesylate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Bromocriptine (mesylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bromocriptine (mesylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bromocriptine mesylate is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist, which binds D2 dopamine receptor with pKi of 8.05±0.2.
    Bromocriptine mesylate (Standard)
  • HY-B0228S12
    Adenosine-d13
    		Inducer
    Adenosine-d13 (Adenine riboside-d13; D-Adenosine-d13) is deuterium labeled Adenosine (HY-B0228). Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
    Adenosine-d<sub>13</sub>
  • HY-B0715S2
    Pentoxifylline-d5
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Pentoxifylline-d5 is the deuterium labeled Pentoxifylline. Pentoxifylline (BL-191), a haemorheological agent, is an orally active non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, with immune modulation, anti-inflammatory, hemorheological, anti-fibrinolytic and anti-proliferation effects. Pentoxifylline can be used for the research of peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and a number of other conditions involving a defective regional microcirculation.
    Pentoxifylline-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N0088S
    Apocynin-d3
    		99.85%
    Apocynin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Apocynin. Apocynin is a selective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 μM.
    Apocynin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-100599S2
    Urolithin A-13C6
    Urolithin A-13C6 is the 13C-labeled Urolithin A (HY-100599). Urolithin A, a gut-microbial metabolite of ellagic acid, exerts anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant properties. Urolithin A induces autophagy and apoptosis, suppresses cell cycle progression, and inhibits DNA synthesis.
    Urolithin A-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-W457950
    Thalidomide-5-propargyl
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-propargyl is a propargyl-modified Thalidomide (HY-14658), that acts as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN proteins. Thalidomide-5-propargyl use alkynyl group at the end to be directly used in the synthesis of triazoles in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules, and is a key intermediate in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules based on CRBN design.
    Thalidomide-5-propargyl
  • HY-B0991R
    Amoxapine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Amoxapine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Amoxapine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Amoxapine (CL-67772) is a norepinephrine reuptake blocker and a 5-HT2/5-HT3 antagonist. Amoxapine can be used for the research of depression. Amoxapine has antibacterial activity. Amoxapine can enhance the killing effect of macrophages on mycobacterium by inducing autophagy, while protecting the cells from death.
    Amoxapine (Standard)
  • HY-149570
    Thalidomide-5-O-C13-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Thalidomide-5-O-C13-NH2 hydrochloride is the Thalidomide (HY-10984)-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein.Thalidomide-5-O-C13-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5-O-C13-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-B0261S4
    Meloxicam-13C6
    		Inducer
    Meloxicam-13C6 is 13C6-labeled Meloxicam (HY-B0261). Meloxicam is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, inhibits COX activity, with IC50s of 0.49 μM and 36.6 μM for COX-2 and COX-1, respectively.
    Meloxicam-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-103704
    LY2562175
    		99.49%
    LY2562175 is a potent and selective FXR agonist, with an EC50 of 193 nM.
    LY2562175
  • HY-17439R
    Salinomycin sodium salt (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Salinomycin (sodium salt) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Salinomycin (sodium salt). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium), an antibiotic potassium ionophore, is a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium) acts on the Wnt/Fzd/LRP complex, blocks Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation, and causes degradation of the LRP6 protein. Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium) shows selective activity against human cancer stem cells.
    Salinomycin sodium salt (Standard)
  • HY-17514S2
    Itraconazole-d9
    Itraconazole-d9 is the deuterium labeled Itraconazole. Itraconazole (R51211) is a triazole antifungal agent and a potent and orally active Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway antagonist with an IC50 of ~800 nM. Itraconazole potently inhibits lanosterol 14α-demethylase (cytochrome P450 enzyme), thereby inhibits the oxidative conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. Itraconazole has anticancer and antiangiogenic effects. Itraconazole is a oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) inhibitor.
    Itraconazole-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-B1039AR
    Ambroxol hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ambroxol (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ambroxol (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ambroxol hydrochloride (NA-872 hydrochloride), an active metabolite of the proagent Bromhexine, has potent expectorant effects. Ambroxol hydrochloride is a glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone and increases glucocerebrosidase activity. Ambroxol hydrochloride induces lung autophagy and has the potential for Parkinson disease and neuronopathic Gaucher disease research.
    Ambroxol hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B1625R
    Deferoxamine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Deferoxamine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Deferoxamine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Deferoxamine (Deferoxamine B) is an iron chelator (binds to Fe(III) and many other metal cations), is widely used to reduce iron accumulation and deposition in tissues. Deferoxamine upregulates HIF-1α levels with good antioxidant activity. Deferoxamine also shows anti-proliferative activity, can induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Deferoxamine can be used in studies of diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases as well as anti-cancer and anti-COVID-19.
    Deferoxamine (Standard)
  • HY-136540
    Resolvin D3
    Resolvin D3 (RvD3) is a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived mediator. Resolvin D3 is dysregulated in arthritis and reduces arthritic inflammation.
    Resolvin D3
  • HY-N3883
    Euxanthone
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Euxanthone, a xanthone derivative, attenuates Aβ1-42-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by triggering autophagy. Euxanthone exhibits anti-neoplastic and neuroprotective activities.
    Euxanthone
  • HY-17589S1
    Chloroquine-d4 phosphate
    		Inhibitor 98.01%
    Chloroquine-d4 (phosphate) is the deuterium labeled Chloroquine phosphate. Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC50=1.13 μM).
    Chloroquine-d<sub>4</sub> phosphate
  • HY-15463S2
    Imatinib-d3 hydrochloride
    Imatinib-d3 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Imatinib. Imatinib (STI571) is an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinases inhibitor that selectively inhibits BCR/ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR and c-kit kinase activity. Imatinib (STI571) works by binding close to the ATP binding site, locking it in a closed or self-inhibited conformation, therefore inhibiting the enzyme activity of the protein semicompetitively. Imatinib also is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
    Imatinib-d<sub>3</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-P10422
    Multi-Leu peptide
    		Inhibitor
    Multi-Leu peptide (ML-peptide) is a potent inhibitor of PACE4 (Ki=22 nM). Multi-Leu peptide can competitively bind to the active site of PACE4 by simulating the substrate sequence of PACE4, thereby inhibiting its catalytic activity. Multi-Leu peptide can be used to study the specific mechanism of PACE4 in the development of prostate cancer.
    Multi-Leu peptide
  • HY-N0105R
    Rhein (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Rhein (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rhein. This product is intended for research and analytical applications.
    Rhein (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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