Ritonavir
Based on 33 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Ritonavir (ABT 538) is an inhibitor of HIV protease used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. Ritonavir is also a SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.61 μM. Ritonavir (ABT 538) can penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB).
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.96%
- CAS No.: 155213-67-5
- Formula: C37H48N6O5S2
- Molecular Weight:720.94
-
Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Ritonavir
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Dec 15;10(1):406. [Abstract]
- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Jan 17;10(1):30. [Abstract]
- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 May 29;6(1):212. [Abstract]
- Cancer Cell. 2024 Nov 11;42(11):1955-1969.e7. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2025 May 29;188(11):3065-3080.e21. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Apr 3;16(1):2900. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2020 Sep 4;11(1):4417. [Abstract]
- Bone Res. 2025 Jun 3;13(1):58. [Abstract]
- Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Sep;129:110506. [Abstract]
- Environ Pollut. 2024 May 25:124214. [Abstract]
- Aging Cell. 2023 Jan;22(1):e13750. [Abstract]
- Surfaces and Interfaces. 2023 Aug, 40, 103096.
- J Agric Food Chem. 2022 Mar 2;70(8):2520-2528. [Abstract]
- J Photochem Photobiol A Chem. 2025 Nov 15;473:116930.
- Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019 Dec;54(6):814-819. [Abstract]
- Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Aug 20;64(9):e00872-20. [Abstract]
- Antiviral Res. 2022 Dec:208:105463. [Abstract]
- Antiviral Res. 2020 Jun;178:104786. [Abstract]
- Drug Metab Dispos. 2019 Sep;47(9):954-960. [Abstract]
- J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2025 Nov 17:270:117268. [Abstract]
- SLAS Discov. 2025 Mar:31:100211. [Abstract]
- J Hum Genet. 2020 Jan;65(2):143-153. [Abstract]
- Vet Sci. 2023 Aug 9;10(8):513. [Abstract]
- Curr Protoc. 2021 Feb;1(2):e32. [Abstract]
- J Liq ChromaTogr R T. 2019: 1-9.
- Microbe. 2025 Oct 14.
- Res Sq. 2024 Nov 21:rs.3.rs-5454588. [Abstract]
- SSRN. 2024 Jan 26.
- Universidade de São Paulo. 2020 Sep.
- bioRxiv. 2020 Apr.
- University of Oxford. 2019 Jul.
- Charles University. 2019 Jun.
- Chem Cent J. 2017 Jan 3:11:1. [Abstract]
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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Histological Imaging/Staining
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IF
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Microbiological Assay
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
Biological Activity
|
Cell Line
|
Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caco-2 | IC50 |
3.8 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Digoxin transepithelial transport (basal to apical) (Digoxin: 5 uM) in Caco-2 cells
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Digoxin transepithelial transport (basal to apical) (Digoxin: 5 uM) in Caco-2 cells
|
[PMID: 10820137] |
| CCRF-CEM | EC50 |
115 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD with protease V47A mutation infected in human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of virus production after 7 days by Lenti-RT activity assay
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD with protease V47A mutation infected in human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of virus production after 7 days by Lenti-RT activity assay
|
[PMID: 17576848] |
| CCRF-CEM | EC50 |
310 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD with protease G17N mutation infected in human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of virus production after 7 days by Lenti-RT activity assay
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD with protease G17N mutation infected in human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of virus production after 7 days by Lenti-RT activity assay
|
[PMID: 17576848] |
| CCRF-CEM | EC50 |
421 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against wild type HIV2 ROD infected in human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of virus production after 7 days by Lenti-RT activity assay
Antiviral activity against wild type HIV2 ROD infected in human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of virus production after 7 days by Lenti-RT activity assay
|
[PMID: 17576848] |
| CCRF-CEM | EC50 |
84 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD with protease G17N/V47A mutation infected in human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of virus production after 7 days by Lenti-RT activity assay
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD with protease G17N/V47A mutation infected in human CEM cells assessed as inhibition of virus production after 7 days by Lenti-RT activity assay
|
[PMID: 17576848] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
19.5 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
TP_TRANSPORTER: increase in mitoxantrone intracellular accumulation in BCRP-expressing HEK cells
TP_TRANSPORTER: increase in mitoxantrone intracellular accumulation in BCRP-expressing HEK cells
|
[PMID: 15007102] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
1.7 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in estradiol 3-glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method
Inhibition of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in estradiol 3-glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method
|
[PMID: 21030469] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
3 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in bilirubin glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method
Inhibition of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in bilirubin glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method
|
[PMID: 21030469] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
1.3 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human liver OATP1B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in E17-betaG uptake by scintillation counting
Inhibition of human liver OATP1B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in E17-betaG uptake by scintillation counting
|
[PMID: 22541068] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
4.4 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human liver OATP1B3 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E17-betaG uptake incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting
Inhibition of human liver OATP1B3 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E17-betaG uptake incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting
|
[PMID: 22541068] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
6.1 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human liver OATP2B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E3S uptake incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting
Inhibition of human liver OATP2B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E3S uptake incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting
|
[PMID: 22541068] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
0.7 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells using estradiol-17beta-glucuronide substrate
Inhibition of OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells using estradiol-17beta-glucuronide substrate
|
[PMID: 22587986] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
1 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells using pitavastatin substrate
Inhibition of OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells using pitavastatin substrate
|
[PMID: 22587986] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
5 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells using estrone-3-sulfate substrate
Inhibition of OATP1B1 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells using estrone-3-sulfate substrate
|
[PMID: 22587986] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
>300 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human OCT3-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay
Inhibition of human OCT3-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay
|
[PMID: 23241029] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
0.08 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated [14]-metformin uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by scintillation counting analysis
Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated [14]-metformin uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by scintillation counting analysis
|
[PMID: 23241029] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
23.7 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human MATE2K-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay
Inhibition of human MATE2K-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay
|
[PMID: 23241029] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
24.8 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human OCT2-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay
Inhibition of human OCT2-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay
|
[PMID: 23241029] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
33.9 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human OCT1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay
Inhibition of human OCT1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay
|
[PMID: 23241029] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
4.4 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay
Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay
|
[PMID: 23241029] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
4.4 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human MATE2K-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells up to 500 uM after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay
Inhibition of human MATE2K-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells up to 500 uM after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay
|
[PMID: 23241029] |
| Hepatocyte | IC50 |
34.2 nM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium yoelii 265 liver infected in mammalian hepatocytes after 48 hrs
Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium yoelii 265 liver infected in mammalian hepatocytes after 48 hrs
|
[PMID: 18212104] |
| HepG2 | EC50 |
4 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Activation of human PXR expressed in human HepG2 (DPX-2) cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based luminescent analysis
Activation of human PXR expressed in human HepG2 (DPX-2) cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based luminescent analysis
|
[PMID: 20966043] |
| HepG2 | CC50 |
18.4 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 5 days by XTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 5 days by XTT assay
|
10.1039/C1MD00147G |
| HuT78 | CC50 |
>145 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Cytotoxicity against human HUT78 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 5 days by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human HUT78 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 5 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 26613134] |
| HuT78 | EC50 |
29 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B persistently infected in HUT78 cells assessed as reduction of p24 production after 43 hrs by ELISA
Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B persistently infected in HUT78 cells assessed as reduction of p24 production after 43 hrs by ELISA
|
[PMID: 26613134] |
| LLC-PK1 | IC50 |
15.7 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of cyclosporin A uptake (cyclosporin A: 10 uM) in MDR1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of cyclosporin A uptake (cyclosporin A: 10 uM) in MDR1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells
|
[PMID: 12604693] |
| LLC-PK1 | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1a expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1a expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay
|
[PMID: 12699389] |
| LLC-PK1 | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1b expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1b expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay
|
[PMID: 12699389] |
| LLC-PK1 | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in Mdr1b-expressing LLC-PK1 cells
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in Mdr1b-expressing LLC-PK1 cells
|
[PMID: 12699389] |
| LLC-PK1 | IC50 |
12 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, human L-MDR1 expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, human L-MDR1 expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay
|
[PMID: 12699389] |
| LLC-PK1 | IC50 |
12 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in MDR1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in MDR1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells
|
[PMID: 12699389] |
| LLC-PK1 | IC50 |
50 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in Mdr1a-expressing LLC-PK1 cells
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Calcein-AM efflux in Mdr1a-expressing LLC-PK1 cells
|
[PMID: 12699389] |
| MDCK-II | IC50 |
39.6 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Inhibition of human MDR1-dependent accumulation of calcein-AM expressed in MDCK2 cells
Inhibition of human MDR1-dependent accumulation of calcein-AM expressed in MDCK2 cells
|
[PMID: 17664327] |
| MDCK-II | IC50 |
2.1 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated [14]-metformin uptake expressed in polarized MDCK2 cells after 5 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis
Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated [14]-metformin uptake expressed in polarized MDCK2 cells after 5 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis
|
[PMID: 23241029] |
| MT2 | IC50 |
0.01 μM
Compound: AZT (Zidovudine)
|
Inhibitory concentration of compound against HIV LAI in MT-2 cells when tested at a range of 0.001-10 uM concentration
Inhibitory concentration of compound against HIV LAI in MT-2 cells when tested at a range of 0.001-10 uM concentration
|
[PMID: 15456247] |
| MT2 | IC50 |
290 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV2 EHO isolate in human MT2 cells
Antiviral activity against HIV2 EHO isolate in human MT2 cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| MT2 | IC50 |
34 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 LAI isolate in human MT2 cells
Antiviral activity against HIV1 LAI isolate in human MT2 cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| MT2 | CC50 |
31.1 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Cytotoxicity against human MT2 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MT2 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT2 | EC50 |
0.054 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 LAI in MT2 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 LAI in MT2 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT2 | EC50 |
0.21 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV2 EHO in MT2 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV2 EHO in MT2 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT2 | EC50 |
0.26 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD in MT2 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD in MT2 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT2 | CC50 |
21.3 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Cytotoxicity against human MT2 cells by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MT2 cells by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT2 | EC50 |
0.038 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 LAI infected in human MT2 cells after 7 days by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 LAI infected in human MT2 cells after 7 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT2 | CC50 |
65 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Cytotoxicity against human MT2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 5 days by XTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MT2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 5 days by XTT assay
|
10.1039/C1MD00147G |
| MT2 | EC50 |
32.2 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against wild type HIV1 3B infected in human MT2 cells assessed as virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by XTT assay
Antiviral activity against wild type HIV1 3B infected in human MT2 cells assessed as virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by XTT assay
|
10.1039/C1MD00147G |
| MT4 | IC50 |
0.21 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Compound was evaluated for its antiviral inhibition in MT-4 cell culture
Compound was evaluated for its antiviral inhibition in MT-4 cell culture
|
[PMID: 10866371] |
| MT4 | ED50 |
0.06 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Anti-HIV-1 activity against Wild type virus in MT-4 cells
Anti-HIV-1 activity against Wild type virus in MT-4 cells
|
[PMID: 11543677] |
| MT4 | ED50 |
0.15 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Anti-HIV-1 activity against mutant HIV-1 in MT-4 cells (mutation selected with nelfinavir)
Anti-HIV-1 activity against mutant HIV-1 in MT-4 cells (mutation selected with nelfinavir)
|
[PMID: 11543677] |
| MT4 | ED50 |
0.41 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Anti-HIV-1 activity against mutant HIV-1 in MT-4 cells (mutation selected with saquinavir)
Anti-HIV-1 activity against mutant HIV-1 in MT-4 cells (mutation selected with saquinavir)
|
[PMID: 11543677] |
| MT4 | ED50 |
0.98 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Anti-HIV-1 activity against mutant HIV-1 in MT-4 cells (mutation selected with compound 1)
Anti-HIV-1 activity against mutant HIV-1 in MT-4 cells (mutation selected with compound 1)
|
[PMID: 11543677] |
| MT4 | ED50 |
2.47 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Anti-HIV-1 activity against mutant HIV-1 in MT-4 cells (mutation selected with ritonavir)
Anti-HIV-1 activity against mutant HIV-1 in MT-4 cells (mutation selected with ritonavir)
|
[PMID: 11543677] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.07 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity was tested in absence of human serum in MT-4 cells (in vitro)
Antiviral activity was tested in absence of human serum in MT-4 cells (in vitro)
|
[PMID: 14552751] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.81 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity was tested in presence of 50% human serum in MT-4 cells (in vitro)
Antiviral activity was tested in presence of 50% human serum in MT-4 cells (in vitro)
|
[PMID: 14552751] |
| MT4 | IC50 |
0.01 μM
Compound: AZT (Zidovudine)
|
Inhibitory concentration of compound against HIV LAI in MT-4 cells when tested at a range of 0.001-10 uM concentration
Inhibitory concentration of compound against HIV LAI in MT-4 cells when tested at a range of 0.001-10 uM concentration
|
[PMID: 15456247] |
| MT4 | ED50 |
0.05 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Effective dose of compound required to inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in MT-4 cells
Effective dose of compound required to inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in MT-4 cells
|
[PMID: 15537350] |
| MT4 | IC50 |
>1000 nM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 EP13 in MT4 cells
Antiviral activity against HIV1 EP13 in MT4 cells
|
[PMID: 16458505] |
| MT4 | IC50 |
268 nM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 HXB2 in MT4 cells
Antiviral activity against HIV1 HXB2 in MT4 cells
|
[PMID: 16458505] |
| MT4 | IC50 |
>1000 nM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV D545701 in MT4 cells
Antiviral activity against HIV D545701 in MT4 cells
|
[PMID: 16458505] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against idinavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against idinavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against lopinavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against lopinavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against ritonavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against ritonavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against saquinavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against saquinavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.033 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 in MT4 cells by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 in MT4 cells by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.051 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against nelfinavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against nelfinavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.12 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against amprenavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against amprenavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.13 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 GRL98065p20 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 GRL98065p20 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.29 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against atazanavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against atazanavir-resistant HIV1 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.3 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 GRL98065p30 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 GRL98065p30 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.38 μM
Compound: ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 GRL98065p40 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 GRL98065p40 in MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein expression by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17371811] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
36 nM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B in MT4 cells by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B in MT4 cells by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17537628] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
349 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV2 MS infected in human MT4 cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV2 MS infected in human MT4 cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17576848] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
46 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 infected in human MT4 cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 infected in human MT4 cells assessed as reduction in virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17576848] |
| MT4 | CC50 |
26 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells after 6 days by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells after 6 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17638694] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.061 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against wild type HIV1 NL4-3 infected in MT4 cells after 6 days by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against wild type HIV1 NL4-3 infected in MT4 cells after 6 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17638694] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.039 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 RIN harboring integrase gene infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay after 20 passages selected in presence of compound
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 RIN harboring integrase gene infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay after 20 passages selected in presence of compound
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.041 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 RIN HIV 1 RIN harboring integrase gene infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay after 60 passages selected in presence of compound
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 RIN HIV 1 RIN harboring integrase gene infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay after 60 passages selected in presence of compound
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.042 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 RIN HIV 1 RIN harboring integrase gene infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay after 40 passages selected in presence of compound
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 RIN HIV 1 RIN harboring integrase gene infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay after 40 passages selected in presence of compound
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.043 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 RIN harboring integrase gene infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 RIN harboring integrase gene infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.055 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 3B infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 3B infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.058 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 NL4.3 integrase E92Q mutant infected in human MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 NL4.3 integrase E92Q mutant infected in human MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.06 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 3B harboring integrase E92Q, S230N and L34M triple mutant infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay selected after 60 passages in presence of compound
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 3B harboring integrase E92Q, S230N and L34M triple mutant infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay selected after 60 passages in presence of compound
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.06 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 NL4.3 harboring integrase L74M mutant infected in human MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 NL4.3 harboring integrase L74M mutant infected in human MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.069 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 3B harboring integrase E92Q S230N double mutant infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay selected after 20 passages in presence of compound
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 3B harboring integrase E92Q S230N double mutant infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay selected after 20 passages in presence of compound
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.069 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 3B harboring integrase L34M mutant infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay selected after 40 passages in presence of compound
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 3B harboring integrase L34M mutant infected in MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay selected after 40 passages in presence of compound
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.09 μM
Compound: ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 NL4.3 integrase S230N mutant infected in human MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV 1 NL4.3 integrase S230N mutant infected in human MT-4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 18378713] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
36 nM
Compound: Ritonavir, RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of viral-induced cytopathic effect by MTT method
Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of viral-induced cytopathic effect by MTT method
|
[PMID: 18426195] |
| MT4 | CC50 |
17 μM
Compound: Ritonavir, RTV
|
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 18426195] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/L24I/M46I/L63P/A71V/G73S/V82T amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of indinavir by ELISA
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/L24I/M46I/L63P/A71V/G73S/V82T amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of indinavir by ELISA
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/M46I/I54V/V82A amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 1 uM of Lopinavir by ELISA
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/M46I/I54V/V82A amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 1 uM of Lopinavir by ELISA
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/V32I/M46I/I54M//A71V/I84V amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of amprenavir by ELISA
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/V32I/M46I/I54M//A71V/I84V amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of amprenavir by ELISA
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10I/G48V/I54V/L90M amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of saquinavir by ELISA
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10I/G48V/I54V/L90M amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of saquinavir by ELISA
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring M46I/V82F/I84V amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of ritonavir by ELISA
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring M46I/V82F/I84V amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of ritonavir by ELISA
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.021 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 gag protein production by ELISA
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 gag protein production by ELISA
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.08 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/D30N/K45I/A71V/T74S amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of nelfinavir by ELISA
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/D30N/K45I/A71V/T74S amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of nelfinavir by ELISA
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.14 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L23I/K43I/M46I/I50L/G51A/A71V amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 1 uM of atazanavir by ELISA
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L23I/K43I/M46I/I50L/G51A/A71V amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 1 uM of atazanavir by ELISA
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.26 μM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/L33F/M46I/I47V/Q58E/V82I/I84V/I85V amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of GRL-02031 by E
Antiviral activity against HIV1 NL4-3 harboring L10F/L33F/M46I/I47V/Q58E/V82I/I84V/I85V amino acid substitution in protease encoding region infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of p24 Gag protein production selected at 5 uM of GRL-02031 by E
|
[PMID: 18955518] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
50 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity after 6 days by XTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity after 6 days by XTT assay
|
[PMID: 19961222] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.0015 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against wild type HIV1 3B infected in human MT4 LTR-EGFP cells by EGFP reporter gene assay
Antiviral activity against wild type HIV1 3B infected in human MT4 LTR-EGFP cells by EGFP reporter gene assay
|
[PMID: 22765892] |
| MT4 | CC50 |
>5.55 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells assessed as cell viability after 5 days by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells assessed as cell viability after 5 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 26613134] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.09 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B infected in human MT4 cells assessed as protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV1 3B infected in human MT4 cells assessed as protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 26613134] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.14 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD infected in human MT4 cells assessed as protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV2 ROD infected in human MT4 cells assessed as protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect after 5 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 26613134] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.14 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against nevirapine-resistant SIV mac251 infected in human MT4 cells
Antiviral activity against nevirapine-resistant SIV mac251 infected in human MT4 cells
|
[PMID: 26613134] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
1.28 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against ritonavir-resistant HIV1 B12 harboring reverse transcriptase L10I/I15V/I54V/L63P/V82A/I85V mutant infected in human MT4 cells
Antiviral activity against ritonavir-resistant HIV1 B12 harboring reverse transcriptase L10I/I15V/I54V/L63P/V82A/I85V mutant infected in human MT4 cells
|
[PMID: 26613134] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
2.77 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Antiviral activity against ritonavir-resistant HIV1 3B/RIT infected in human MT4 cells
Antiviral activity against ritonavir-resistant HIV1 3B/RIT infected in human MT4 cells
|
[PMID: 26613134] |
| MT4 | CC50 |
>1 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 5 days by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 5 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 29934245] |
| MT4 | ED50 |
0.05 μg/mL
Compound: 2
|
In vitro anti-HIV activity in MT-4 cells by using an HIV cytopathic assay
In vitro anti-HIV activity in MT-4 cells by using an HIV cytopathic assay
|
[PMID: 9748353] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.07 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Anti-HIV activity was determined in MT-4 cells in the presence of 0% human serum using cytopathic effect assay
Anti-HIV activity was determined in MT-4 cells in the presence of 0% human serum using cytopathic effect assay
|
[PMID: 9934466] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.81 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Anti-HIV activity was determined in MT-4 cells in the presence of 50% human serum using cytopathic effect assay
Anti-HIV activity was determined in MT-4 cells in the presence of 50% human serum using cytopathic effect assay
|
[PMID: 9934466] |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.022 μM
Compound: ABT-538
|
Anti-HIV activity against MT-4 cells using a cytopathicity assay
Anti-HIV activity against MT-4 cells using a cytopathicity assay
|
10.1016/0960-894X(95)00462-3 |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.07 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Tested for its anti-HIV activity in MT-4 cells.
Tested for its anti-HIV activity in MT-4 cells.
|
10.1016/S0960-894X(96)00528-8 |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.81 μM
Compound: Ritonavir
|
Tested for its anti-HIV activity in MT-4 cells in the presence of 50% human serum.
Tested for its anti-HIV activity in MT-4 cells in the presence of 50% human serum.
|
10.1016/S0960-894X(96)00528-8 |
| MT4 | EC50 |
0.09 μM
Compound: Ritonavir (ABT-538)
|
Inhibitory potency towards recombinant HIV-1 3B in MT-4 cell was evaluated in 0% human plasma
Inhibitory potency towards recombinant HIV-1 3B in MT-4 cell was evaluated in 0% human plasma
|
10.1016/S0960-894X(97)00080-2 |
| MT4 | EC50 |
1.07 μM
Compound: Ritonavir (ABT-538)
|
Inhibitory potency towards recombinant HIV-1 3B in MT-4 cell was evaluated in 50% human plasma
Inhibitory potency towards recombinant HIV-1 3B in MT-4 cell was evaluated in 50% human plasma
|
10.1016/S0960-894X(97)00080-2 |
| PBMC | IC50 |
>1000 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 B variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 B variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| PBMC | IC50 |
>1000 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 C variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 C variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| PBMC | IC50 |
>1000 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 ES variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 ES variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| PBMC | IC50 |
>1000 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 EV variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 EV variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| PBMC | IC50 |
>1000 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 G variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 G variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| PBMC | IC50 |
>1000 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 TM variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 TM variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| PBMC | IC50 |
15 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 ET variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 ET variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| PBMC | IC50 |
36 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 BA-L isolate in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against HIV1 BA-L isolate in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| PBMC | IC50 |
43 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against HIV1 LAI isolate in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against HIV1 LAI isolate in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
| PBMC | IC50 |
57 nM
Compound: RTV
|
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 K variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
Antiviral activity against multi drug-resistant HIV1 K variant in human PHA-PBMC cells
|
[PMID: 16913714] |
Ritonavir (ABT 538) is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 mediated testosterone 6β-hydroxylation with mean Ki of 19 nM and also inhibits tolbutamide hydroxylation with IC50 of 4.2 μM[1].
Ritonavir (ABT 538) is found to be a potent inhibitor of CYP3A-mediated biotransformations (nifedipine oxidation with IC50 of 0.07 mM, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylation with IC50 of 2 mM; terfenadine hydroxylation with IC50 of 0.14 mM). Ritonavir is also an inhibitor of the reactions mediated by CYP2D6 (IC50=2.5 mM) and CYP2C9/10 (IC50=8.0 mM)[2].
Ritonavir results in an increase in cell viability in uninfected human PBMC cultures. Ritonavir markedly decreases the susceptibility of PBMCs to apoptosis correlated with lower levels of caspase-1 expression, decreases in annexin V staining, and reduces caspase-3 activity in uninfected human PBMC cultures. Ritonavir inhibits induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by PBMCs and monocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner at nontoxic concentrations[3].
Ritonavir inhibits p-glycoprotein-mediated extrusion of saquinavir with an IC50 of 0.2 μM, indicating a high affinity of ritonavir for p-glycoprotein[4].
Ritonavir inhibits human liver microsomal metabolism of ABT-378 potently with Ki of 13 nM. Ritonavir combined with ABT-378 (at 3:1 and 29:1 ratios) inhibits CYP3A (IC50=1.1 and 4.6 μM), albeit less potently than Ritonavir (IC50=0.14 μM)[5].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
-
CAS No. 155213-67-5
-
Appearance Solid
-
Molecular Weight 720.94
-
Formula C37H48N6O5S2
-
Color White to off-white
-
SMILES
O=C(N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)[C@H](C[C@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC([C@H](C(C)C)NC(N(CC3=CSC(C(C)C)=N3)C)=O)=O)O)OCC4=CN=CS4
-
Synonyms
ABT 538; RTV
-
Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
-
Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 2 years -20°C 1 year
Publications (33)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
Selective depletion of tumor-associated SAMHD1 enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy and antitumor immune responses. [Abstract]2025 Dec 15;10(1):406. PMID: 41392286 -
Signal Transduct Target Ther
Real-world effectiveness and safety of oral azvudine versus nirmatrelvir‒ritonavir (Paxlovid) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study. [Abstract]2025 Jan 17;10(1):30. PMID: 39819859 -
Signal Transduct Target Ther
Bardoxolone and bardoxolone methyl, two Nrf2 activators in clinical trials, inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and its 3C-like protease. [Abstract]2021 May 29;6(1):212. PMID: 34052830 -
Cancer Cell
2024 Nov 11;42(11):1955-1969.e7. PMID: 39532065 -
Cell
Microbiome metabolism of dietary phytochemicals controls the anticancer activity of PI3K inhibitors. [Abstract]2025 May 29;188(11):3065-3080.e21. PMID: 40393457 -
Nat Commun
2025 Apr 3;16(1):2900. PMID: 40180914 -
Nat Commun
Both Boceprevir and GC376 efficaciously inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by targeting its main protease. [Abstract]2020 Sep 4;11(1):4417. PMID: 32887884 -
Bone Res
AIDS patients suffer higher risk of advanced knee osteoarthritis progression due to lopinavir-induced Zmpste24 inhibition. [Abstract]2025 Jun 3;13(1):58. PMID: 40461512
Ritonavir purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bone Res. 2025 Jun 3;13(1):58. [Abstract]
Lopinavir (100 or 200 mg/kg)/ritonavir (25 or 50 mg/kg) i.p., every 2 days for 28 days) aggravated osteophyte formation in the DMM model.
Ritonavir purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bone Res. 2025 Jun 3;13(1):58. [Abstract]
Lopinavir (100 or 200 mg/kg)/ritonavir (25 or 50 mg/kg, i.p., every 2 days for 28 days) aggravated cartilage erosion and synovitis in the DMM model.
Ritonavir purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bone Res. 2025 Jun 3;13(1):58. [Abstract]
Lopinavir (100 or 200 mg/kg)/ritonavir (25 or 50 mg/kg, i.p., every 2 days for 28 days) decreased the proportion of Sox9-positive cells from 36% to 18% and increased the proportion of p21-positive cells from 32% to 60%.
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Biomed Pharmacother
Interplay of drug transporters P-glycoprotein (MDR1), MRP1, OATP1A2 and OATP1B3 in passage of maraviroc across human placenta. [Abstract]2020 Sep;129:110506. PMID: 32768979 -
Environ Pollut
Assessing environmental and human health risks: Insight from the enantioselective metabolism and degradation of fenpropidin. [Abstract]2024 May 25:124214. PMID: 38801883 -
Aging Cell
Antiretroviral protease inhibitors induce features of cellular senescence that are reversible upon drug removal. [Abstract]2023 Jan;22(1):e13750. PMID: 36539941 -
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J Agric Food Chem
Enantioselective Metabolic Mechanism and Metabolism Pathway of Pydiflumetofen in Rat Liver Microsomes: In Vitro and In Silico Study. [Abstract]2022 Mar 2;70(8):2520-2528. PMID: 35184556 -
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Int J Antimicrob Agents
2019 Dec;54(6):814-819. PMID: 31479744 -
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
2020 Aug 20;64(9):e00872-20. PMID: 32669265 -
Antiviral Res
HIV protease inhibitor attenuated astrocyte autophagy involvement in inflammation via p38 MAPK pathway. [Abstract]2022 Dec:208:105463. PMID: 36372295 -
Antiviral Res
Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. [Abstract]2020 Jun;178:104786. PMID: 32251767 -
Drug Metab Dispos
Interactions between Maraviroc and the ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2 Transporters: An Important Role in Transplacental Pharmacokinetics. [Abstract]2019 Sep;47(9):954-960. PMID: 31266750 -
J Pharm Biomed Anal
Trace-level quantitation of N-((2-isopropylthiazol-4-yl)methyl)-N-methylnitrous amide by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. [Abstract]2025 Nov 17:270:117268. PMID: 41270312 -
SLAS Discov
2025 Mar:31:100211. PMID: 39824441
Ritonavir purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: SLAS Discov. 2025 Mar:31:100211. [Abstract]
Susceptibility of icSARS-CoV-2-nLuc to ritonavir was assessed using luminescence signal readout. C3 cells were seeded in 384-well plates and treated with ritonavir 2 h before infection using three-fold serial dilutions ranging from 36 µM to 0.005 µM, with two technical replicates per concentration. The cells were infected with icSARS-CoV-2-nLuc at an MOI of 0.05 and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. The next day, nLuc activity was measured, and the data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software to obtain IC₅₀ curves. The graph represents the results of two independent experiments.
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J Hum Genet
Effect of CYP3A5*3 genetic variant on the metabolism of direct-acting antivirals in vitro: a different effect on asunaprevir versus daclatasvir and beclabuvir. [Abstract]2020 Jan;65(2):143-153. PMID: 31645655 -
Vet Sci
Comparative Evaluation of GS-441524, Teriflunomide, Ruxolitinib, Molnupiravir, Ritonavir, and Nirmatrelvir for In Vitro Antiviral Activity against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus. [Abstract]2023 Aug 9;10(8):513. PMID: 37624300
Ritonavir purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Vet Sci. 2023 Aug 9;10(8):513. [Abstract]
The CC50, EC50, and SI for six compounds against FIPV. The half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values are from four measurements of diluted drugs using MTT assay, in CRFK cells treated with drugs for 48 h. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values are from six measurements of diluted drugs against FIPV replication in CRFK cells for 48 h. Based on the SI value (mean CC50)/(mean EC50), GS-441524 was found highly selective (SI 165.5) against FIPV among the drugs tested and showed high efficacy (EC50 1.6 µM) against FIPV with a less deleterious effect (CC50 260.0 µM) on the cells. Nirmatrelvir also showed promising efficacy (EC50 2.5 µM) and selectivity (SI 113.7) against FIPV. Ritonavir showed the highest toxicity level in the cells (CC50 39.9).
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Curr Protoc
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype by Data-Independent Acquisition. [Abstract]2021 Feb;1(2):e32. PMID: 33524224 -
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Res Sq
An orally available Mpro/TMPRSS2 bispecific inhibitor with potent anti-coronavirus efficacy in vivo. [Abstract]2024 Nov 21:rs.3.rs-5454588. PMID: 39606435 -
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Chem Cent J
Simultaneous determination of newly developed antiviral agents in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC-DAD. [Abstract]2017 Jan 3:11:1. PMID: 28101128
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 25 mg/mL (34.68 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (3.47 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic
This protocol yields a suspended solution of 2.5 mg/mL. Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (276 KB)
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SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Eagling VA, et al. Differential inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms by the protease inhibitors, ritonavir, saquinavir and indinavir. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;44(2):190-4. [Content Brief]
[2]. Kumar GN, et al. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir (ABT-538) in human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Apr;277(1):423-31. [Content Brief]
[3]. Weichold FF, et al. HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir modulates susceptibility to apoptosis of uninfected T cells. J Hum Virol. 1999 Sep-Oct;2(5):261-9. [Content Brief]
[4]. Drewe J, et al. HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir: a more potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein than the cyclosporine analog SDZ PSC 833. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 May 15;57(10):1147-52. [Content Brief]
[5]. Kumar GN, et al. Potent inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 3A-mediated human liver microsomal metabolism of a novel HIV protease inhibitor by ritonavir: A positive drug-drug interaction. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Aug;27(8):902-8. [Content Brief]
[6]. Qi Sun, et al. Bardoxolone and bardoxolone methyl, two Nrf2 activators in clinical trials, inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and its 3C-like protease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 May 29;6(1):212. [Content Brief]
[7]. C Anthonypillai, et al. The distribution of the HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir, to the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and choroid plexuses of the guinea pig. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2004 Mar;308(3):912-20. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 1.3871 mL | 6.9354 mL | 13.8708 mL | 34.6769 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.2774 mL | 1.3871 mL | 2.7742 mL | 6.9354 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1387 mL | 0.6935 mL | 1.3871 mL | 3.4677 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.0925 mL | 0.4624 mL | 0.9247 mL | 2.3118 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.0694 mL | 0.3468 mL | 0.6935 mL | 1.7338 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.0555 mL | 0.2774 mL | 0.5548 mL | 1.3871 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0462 mL | 0.2312 mL | 0.4624 mL | 1.1559 mL |