Rotenone
Based on 198 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Rotenone is a mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I inhibitor. Rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.80%
- CAS No.: 83-79-4
- Formula: C23H22O6
- Molecular Weight:394.42
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Storage:
-20°C, stored under nitrogen
* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen)
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Rotenone
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Dec 17;10(1):413. [Abstract]
- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 May 28;10(1):167. [Abstract]
- Nature. 2023 Sep;621(7977):188-195. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2026 Jun 22:S0092-8674(26)00636-7. [Abstract]
- Cell Metab. 2026 Jun 24:S1550-4131(26)00226-3.
- Nat Cancer. 2022 Aug;3(8):945-960. [Abstract]
- Nat Metab. 2026 Jan;8(1):177-195. [Abstract]
- Nat Metab. 2022 Sep;4(9):1119-1137. [Abstract]
- Cell Stem Cell. 2025 Apr 3;32(4):547-563.e7. [Abstract]
- Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Apr 6;30(4):450-459.e9. [Abstract]
- Nat Microbiol. 2025 Oct;10(10):2521-2536. [Abstract]
- Nat Cell Biol. 2026 May 27. [Abstract]
- Natl Sci Rev. 2021 Feb 10;8(7):nwab024. [Abstract]
- Cancer Res. 2023 Dec 15;83(24):4063-4079. [Abstract]
- ACS Nano. 2025 Aug 12;19(31):28644-28659. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Nov 20;16(1):10222. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Nov 28;16(1):10751. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Aug 26;16(1):7954. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 1;16(1):5675. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2024 Aug 8;15(1):6742. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2022 Jun 17;13(1):3486. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2022 May 13;13(1):2673. [Abstract]
- J Am Chem Soc. 2023 Oct 18;145(41):22433-22441. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Differ. 2025 Oct 7. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Differ. 2025 Jan;32(1):118-133. [Abstract]
- Neuron. 2025 Jul 23;113(14):2280-2296.e8. [Abstract]
- Bone Res. 2024 Aug 28;12(1):49. [Abstract]
- Autophagy. 2025 Mar;21(3):548-564. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Jul;13(39):e20095. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Apr;13(21):e13341. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Sep 15:e07283. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Jun;11(21):e2309315. [Abstract]
- J Adv Res. 2025 Jan 2:S2090-1232(24)00623-4. [Abstract]
- J Adv Res. 2025 Apr:70:499-513. [Abstract]
- Biomaterials. 2025 Aug 16:326:123635. [Abstract]
- Biomaterials. 2025 May 5:322:123391. [Abstract]
- Exp Mol Med. 2021 Sep;53(9):1307-1318. [Abstract]
- J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Aug 12;23(1):562. [Abstract]
- Sci Adv. 2025 May 23;11(21):eadv0558. [Abstract]
- Small. 2021 Dec;17(50):e2103984. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2026 Jan 5:89:104008. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2024 May:71:103112. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2023 Dec:68:102959. [Abstract]
- Engineering. 2026 May 20.
- Appl Phys Rev. 2026 Jan 21.
- Engineering. 2025 Nov 14.
- Engineering. 2024 Sep 6.
- Cell Rep Med. 2024 May 16:101580. [Abstract]
- Pharmacol Res. 2024 May 9:204:107208. [Abstract]
- Pharmacol Res. 2023 Mar:189:106697. [Abstract]
- Clin Cancer Res. 2026 Apr 17. [Abstract]
- Cancer Lett. 2026 May 24:218621.
- Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2024 May 20. [Abstract]
- Cancer Lett. 2022 Jul 10;538:215689. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2026 Feb 10;17(1):213. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2025 Apr 5;16(1):254. [Abstract]
- Adv Healthc Mater. 2025 Jan 24:e2405085. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2024 Jun 7;15(6):399. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2022 Jan 21;13(1):73. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2021 Sep 6;12(9):837. [Abstract]
- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Nov 25;122(47):e2518190122. [Abstract]
- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Mar 11;122(10):e2404899122. [Abstract]
- Dev Cell. 2025 Apr 18:S1534-5807(25)00206-0. [Abstract]
- Dev Cell. 2025 May 19;60(10):1483-1497.e7. [Abstract]
- Dev Cell. 2024 May 17:S1534-5807(24)00296-X. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2026 Mar:352:151224. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2026 Feb:347:150597. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Jan 27:140362. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2023 Apr 30:235:123803. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2026 Mar:152:157879. [Abstract]
- EMBO Mol Med. 2025 Oct 13. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Dec:149:157429. [Abstract]
- EMBO Mol Med. 2025 Jul 24. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2023 Apr:112:154707. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2026 Apr:247:224-239. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Dec 26:245:56-70. [Abstract]
- NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025 Oct 28;11(1):310. [Abstract]
- ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2025 Oct 1;17(39):54453-54465. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Oct:238:522-541. [Abstract]
- ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2025 Jun 25;17(25):36487-36496. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2024 Nov 5:225:856-870. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2024 Jul 9:S0891-5849(24)00552-5. [Abstract]
- Cancer Immunol Res. 2023 Apr 3;11(4):515-529. [Abstract]
- NPJ Precis Oncol. 2026 Apr 16. [Abstract]
- Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jun 30:946:174246. [Abstract]
- Brain Behav Immun. 2026 Mar 1:135:106510. [Abstract]
- J Transl Med. 2025 Oct 31;23(1):1202. [Abstract]
- Oncogene. 2024 Oct;43(44):3215-3226. [Abstract]
- Environ Pollut. 2019 May:248:857-864. [Abstract]
- Cell Chem Biol. 2026 Jun 8:S2451-9456(26)00156-X. [Abstract]
- PLoS Biol. 2024 Jun 27;22(6):e3002672. [Abstract]
- Aging Cell. 2026 Jun;25(6):e70594.
- Cell Death Discov. 2025 May 6;11(1):219. [Abstract]
- J Autoimmun. 2025 Apr 2:153:103411. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2025 Nov 18;44(12):116577. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2025 Nov 25;44(11):116496. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2025 Feb 20;44(3):115340. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2023 Jun 6;42(6):112617. [Abstract]
- J Environ Sci. 2026 May 14.
- Phytother Res. 2026 Apr;40(4):1735-1749. [Abstract]
- Phytother Res. 2025 Mar;39(3):1438-1452. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2024 Jun 12;72(23):13039-13053. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2021 Nov 24;69(46):13942-13952. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023 Jun 30:262:115186. [Abstract]
- Front Immunol. 2022 Mar 10;13:771732. [Abstract]
- Neurosci Bull. 2026 Mar 23. [Abstract]
- J Invest Dermatol. 2026 Mar 24:S0022-202X(26)00998-X. [Abstract]
- Cell Prolif. 2026 Apr 27:e70216. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2025 Apr 15:119705. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2025 Feb 10;338(Pt 1):119006. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Jun 12:327:117986. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Mar 25:322:117623. [Abstract]
- Vet Q. 2025 Dec;45(1):2579940. [Abstract]
- Life Sci. 2026 Jul 15:397:124382. [Abstract]
- Commun Biol. 2023 Nov 25;6(1):1201. [Abstract]
- Inflammation. 2022 Dec;45(6):2309-2324. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Sep 26;25(19):10366. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Nov 15;143(Pt 3):113608. [Abstract]
- Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2026 Jul:305:110517. [Abstract]
- Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Nov 7;63(1):11. [Abstract]
- Nanomaterials. 2024 Dec 6;14(23):1962. [Abstract]
- Microorganisms. 2026 Mar 28;14(4):771. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2025 Nov:393:115382. [Abstract]
- FEBS J. 2023 Jul;290(14):3629-3645. [Abstract]
- Mediators Inflamm. 2020 Aug 17;2020:3934769. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2023 Dec 8;27(1):108690. [Abstract]
- Virol Sin. 2025 Nov 21:S1995-820X(25)00161-0. [Abstract]
- Neurochem Int. 2025 Jun 26:106014. [Abstract]
- Antiviral Res. 2024 Sep 17:106007. [Abstract]
- J Cell Physiol. 2019 Aug;234(10):18849-18857. [Abstract]
- Neurotoxicology. 2026 Mar:113:103401. [Abstract]
- ACS Chem Neurosci. 2023 Mar 15;14(6):1071-1079. [Abstract]
- Aging. 2019 Aug 19;11(16):6490-6502. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 29;7(1):9873. [Abstract]
- J Virol. 2026 Mar 24;100(3):e0220025. [Abstract]
- J Virol. 2025 Nov 25;99(11):e0157625. [Abstract]
- Neurochem Res. 2025 Apr 12;50(2):142. [Abstract]
- Mol Cell Biochem. 2026 May 21. [Abstract]
- Mol Cell Biochem. 2025 Oct 10. [Abstract]
- PLoS Comput Biol. 2026 May 29;22(5):e1014323. [Abstract]
- Front Med. 2022 Jul 22:9:887062. [Abstract]
- Vet Res. 2021 Dec 11;52(1):144. [Abstract]
- Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2025 Sep 22:505:117578. [Abstract]
- Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2024 Aug 9:117066. [Abstract]
- Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2024 May:486:116951. [Abstract]
- Cell Cycle. 2024 Feb;23(4):435-447. [Abstract]
- Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2025 Apr 4:159610. [Abstract]
- IUBMB Life. 2025 Sep;77(9):e70048. [Abstract]
- Int J Med Sci. 2025 Jul 28;22(13):3477-3489. [Abstract]
- J Cancer. 2021 Jan 1;12(1):270-280. [Abstract]
- Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 Jun 4. [Abstract]
- J Leukoc Biol. 2025 Apr 11:qiaf042. [Abstract]
- J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2026 Mar 18. [Abstract]
- J Reprod Immunol. 2025 Oct 10:172:104738. [Abstract]
- Metallomics. 2019 Jul 17;11(7):1200-1206. [Abstract]
- Neuroscience. 2025 Mar 5:568:195-201. [Abstract]
- J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2021 Oct;35(10):e22867. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2025 Oct:309:110695. [Abstract]
- SLAS Discov. 2025 Mar 21:100227. [Abstract]
- Exp Eye Res. 2024 Aug 6:110025. [Abstract]
- Brain Res. 2024 Dec 24:149424. [Abstract]
- Brain Res. 2022 Aug 15:1789:147958. [Abstract]
- Prostate. 2025 Oct 1. [Abstract]
- J Nat Med. 2025 Jul;79(4):791-806. [Abstract]
- Clin Transl Oncol. 2025 Jun;27(6):2557-2567. [Abstract]
- Nutr Cancer. 2020;72(4):696-707. [Abstract]
- Behav Brain Res. 2025 May 7:115620. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024 Nov 30:742:151067. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Dec 17;533(4):1427-1434. [Abstract]
- J Chem Neuroanat. 2023 Oct:132:102315. [Abstract]
- Connect Tissue Res. 2026 Apr 29:1-15. [Abstract]
- Biol Pharm Bull. 2022 Jan 1;45(1):143-149. [Abstract]
- STAR Protoc. 2024 Jun 27;5(3):103159. [Abstract]
- Res Sq. 2026 Jun 15.
- SSRN. 2026 Apr 21.
- SSRN. 2026 Mar 5.
- Res Sq. 2026 Jan 6.
- bioRxiv. 2025 Nov 4.
- bioRxiv. 2025 Nov 11.
- Pharmacological Research Modern Chinese Medicine. 2025 Sep 20;17:100693.
- University of Michigan. 2025.
- Res Sq. 2025 Sep 12.
- bioRxiv. 2025 May 31.
- bioRxiv. 2025 April 16.
- Res Sq. 2025 Feb 16.
- Res Sq. 2024 Aug 29.
- bioRxiv. 2024 October 26.
- bioRxiv. 2024 Jul 27:2024.07.25.605164. [Abstract]
- Mitochondrial Commun. 2024:2:14-20. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2024 Apr 3:2023.06.02.542933. [Abstract]
- Research Square Preprint. 2023 Jun 15.
- SSRN. 2023 May 16.
- Research Square Preprint. 2022 Jul.
- Authorea. March 31, 2022.
- bioRxiv. January 06, 2022.
- Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Jun 27;2021:5549047. [Abstract]
- Research Square Preprint. 2020 May.
- Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019 Dec 2;2019:6170936. [Abstract]
Customer Validation & Images
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
Biological Activity
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 697 | IC50 |
0.3 μM
Compound: 8
|
Cytotoxicity against human 697 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay
Cytotoxicity against human 697 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay
|
[PMID: 23895019] |
| 697 | IC50 |
0.3 μM
Compound: 8
|
Cytotoxicity against human 697 cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay
Cytotoxicity against human 697 cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay
|
[PMID: 23895019] |
| A2780 | IC50 |
0.7 μg/mL
Compound: 7
|
Cytotoxicity against human A2780 cells
Cytotoxicity against human A2780 cells
|
[PMID: 15043430] |
| A549 | IC50 |
0.04 μg/mL
Compound: 3
|
Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
|
[PMID: 16562843] |
| A549 | ED50 |
26 μM
Compound: rotenone
|
Antitumor activity against human A549 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
Antitumor activity against human A549 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17482824] |
| A549 | IC50 |
0.901 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells by SRB assay
|
[PMID: 22204911] |
| BC1 cell line | ED50 |
0.039 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against human BC1 cells after 72 hrs
Cytotoxicity against human BC1 cells after 72 hrs
|
[PMID: 2614425] |
| Col2 | ED50 |
0.15 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against human Col2 cells after 72 hrs
Cytotoxicity against human Col2 cells after 72 hrs
|
[PMID: 2614425] |
| DU-145 | IC50 |
0.465 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells by SRB assay
|
[PMID: 22204911] |
| HCT-116 | IC50 |
0.045 ug
Compound: 5
|
Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells measured per disk after 5 days by hemocytometer counting
Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells measured per disk after 5 days by hemocytometer counting
|
[PMID: 21452840] |
| HCT-116 | IC50 |
0.045 μg
Compound: 5
|
Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells measured per disk after 5 days by hemocytometer counting
Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells measured per disk after 5 days by hemocytometer counting
|
[PMID: 21452840] |
| HeLa | IC50 |
78 μM
Compound: Rotenone
|
Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 24 hrs by luminometry
Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 24 hrs by luminometry
|
[PMID: 21741837] |
| HepG2 | ED50 |
15 μM
Compound: rotenone
|
Antitumor activity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
Antitumor activity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17482824] |
| HepG2 | IC50 |
1.52 μM
Compound: Rotenone
|
Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 30613327] |
| HT-1080 | ED50 |
0.047 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against human HT1080 cells after 48 hrs
Cytotoxicity against human HT1080 cells after 48 hrs
|
[PMID: 2614425] |
| HT-29 | ED50 |
202 μM
Compound: rotenone
|
Antitumor activity against human HT29 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
Antitumor activity against human HT29 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17482824] |
| HT-29 | IC50 |
0.3 μM
Compound: 8
|
Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay
|
[PMID: 23895019] |
| KB | IC50 |
0.513 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against human KB cells by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human KB cells by SRB assay
|
[PMID: 22204911] |
| KB | ED50 |
0.067 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs
Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs
|
[PMID: 2614425] |
| L5178Y | IC50 |
0.3 μM
Compound: 30
|
Cytotoxicity against mouse L5178Y cells by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against mouse L5178Y cells by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 28075580] |
| L929 | IC50 |
16.1 nM
Compound: 6
|
Antiproliferative activity against mouse L929 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 5 days by MTT assay
Antiproliferative activity against mouse L929 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 5 days by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 36893622] |
| Lu1 | ED50 |
0.044 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against human Lu1 cells
Cytotoxicity against human Lu1 cells
|
[PMID: 2614425] |
| MCF7 | IC50 |
0.008 μg/mL
Compound: 3
|
Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 3 days by SRB assay
|
[PMID: 16562843] |
| MCF7 | ED50 |
161 μM
Compound: rotenone
|
Antitumor activity against human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
Antitumor activity against human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17482824] |
| MES-SA | ED50 |
147 μM
Compound: rotenone
|
Antitumor activity against human MES-SA cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
Antitumor activity against human MES-SA cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 17482824] |
| MES-SA/Dx5 | ED50 |
214 μM
Compound: rotenone
|
Antitumor activity against doxorubucin-resistant human MES-SA/Dx5 cells by MTT assay after 24 hrs
Antitumor activity against doxorubucin-resistant human MES-SA/Dx5 cells by MTT assay after 24 hrs
|
[PMID: 17482824] |
| P388 | ED50 |
0.005 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against mouse P388 cells after 48 hrs
Cytotoxicity against mouse P388 cells after 48 hrs
|
[PMID: 2614425] |
| Raji | IC50 |
1.1 μM
Compound: 8
|
Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay
Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay
|
[PMID: 23895019] |
| Raji | IC50 |
4.2 μM
Compound: 8
|
Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay
Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay
|
[PMID: 23895019] |
| SH-SY5Y | IC50 |
74.1 μM
Compound: Rotenone
|
Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 27689727] |
| SK-MEL-2 | ED50 |
0.092 μg/mL
Compound: 1
|
Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells after 72 hrs
Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells after 72 hrs
|
[PMID: 2614425] |
| U-937 | IC50 |
0.07 μM
Compound: 3
|
Antiproliferative activity against human U937 cells after 72 hrs by WST-8 assay
Antiproliferative activity against human U937 cells after 72 hrs by WST-8 assay
|
[PMID: 17158054] |
| U-937 | IC50 |
0.2 μM
Compound: 3
|
Antiproliferative activity against human U937 cells after 48 hrs by WST-8 assay
Antiproliferative activity against human U937 cells after 48 hrs by WST-8 assay
|
[PMID: 17158054] |
| U-937 | IC50 |
13 μM
Compound: 3
|
Antiproliferative activity against human U937 cells after 24 hrs by WST-8 assay
Antiproliferative activity against human U937 cells after 24 hrs by WST-8 assay
|
[PMID: 17158054] |
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Toll-like receptor, Wnt, and Ras signaling pathways are intensively involved in the effect of rotenone on the ENS[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.
Rotenone can be used to create Parkinson's disease models.
Administration: 30 mg/kg in 12 mL/kg • po • once daily for 28 days
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 83-79-4
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 394.42
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Formula C23H22O6
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Color White to light yellow
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SMILES
O=C1[C@]2([H])[C@](COC3=CC(OC)=C(OC)C=C32)([H])OC4=C5C(O[C@@H](C(C)=C)C5)=CC=C14
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
-20°C, stored under nitrogen
* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen)
Publications (198)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
Disruption of heme homeostasis by nuclear receptor Nur77 induces pyroptosis through granzyme B-dependent GSDMC cleavage. [Abstract]2025 Dec 17;10(1):413. PMID: 41407678 -
Signal Transduct Target Ther
Arginase 1 drives mitochondrial cristae remodeling and PANoptosis in ischemia/hypoxia-induced vascular dysfunction. [Abstract]2025 May 28;10(1):167. PMID: 40425583 -
Nature
2023 Sep;621(7977):188-195. PMID: 37648854 -
Cell
2026 Jun 22:S0092-8674(26)00636-7. PMID: 42330950 -
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Nat Cancer
Cancer-associated fibroblasts employ NUFIP1-dependent autophagy to secrete nucleosides and support pancreatic tumor growth. [Abstract]2022 Aug;3(8):945-960. PMID: 35982178 -
Nat Metab
IL-21 mediates crosstalk between T cells and NK cells during the remission of type 1 diabetes. [Abstract]2026 Jan;8(1):177-195. PMID: 41566069 -
Nat Metab
Metabolic collateral lethal target identification reveals MTHFD2 paralogue dependency in ovarian cancer. [Abstract]2022 Sep;4(9):1119-1137. PMID: 36131208 -
Cell Stem Cell
Enhanced viability and functional maturity of iPSC-derived islet organoids by collagen-VI-enriched ECM scaffolds. [Abstract]2025 Apr 3;32(4):547-563.e7. PMID: 39999846 -
Cell Stem Cell
Highly efficient and rapid generation of human pluripotent stem cells by chemical reprogramming. [Abstract]2023 Apr 6;30(4):450-459.e9. PMID: 36944335 -
Nat Microbiol
Oxaloacetate sensing promotes innate immune antiviral defence against influenza virus infection. [Abstract]2025 Oct;10(10):2521-2536. PMID: 40983701 -
Nat Cell Biol
2026 May 27. PMID: 42203926 -
Natl Sci Rev
SNX14 deficiency-induced defective axonal mitochondrial transport in Purkinje cells underlies cerebellar ataxia and can be reversed by valproate. [Abstract]2021 Feb 10;8(7):nwab024. PMID: 34691693 -
Cancer Res
Fructose-induced mTORC1 Activation Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression through Inhibition of Autophagy. [Abstract]2023 Dec 15;83(24):4063-4079. PMID: 37738413
Rotenone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cancer Res. 2023 Dec 15;83(24):4063-4079. [Abstract]
Rotenone (10 μM; 24 h) treatment significantly reduces viability in control cells compared to Glut5-overexpressing cells cultured in fructose medium.
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ACS Nano
M-Sec Overexpressed Stem Cells Growing Abundant Tunneling Nanotubes for Diverse Active Transferring. [Abstract]2025 Aug 12;19(31):28644-28659. PMID: 40743507 -
Nat Commun
An inherited mitochondrial DNA mutation remodels inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages and in vivo in mice. [Abstract]2025 Nov 20;16(1):10222. PMID: 41266309 -
Nat Commun
NEK7 couples SDHB to orchestrate respiratory chain electron transport homeostasis that impedes liver fibrosis. [Abstract]2025 Nov 28;16(1):10751. PMID: 41315267 -
Nat Commun
Helicobacter hepaticus promotes hepatic steatosis through CdtB-induced mitochondrial stress and lipid metabolism reprogramming. [Abstract]2025 Aug 26;16(1):7954. PMID: 40858606 -
Nat Commun
2025 Jul 1;16(1):5675. PMID: 40593710 -
Nat Commun
2024 Aug 8;15(1):6742. PMID: 39112488 -
Nat Commun
2022 Jun 17;13(1):3486. PMID: 35710796 -
Nat Commun
Mechanical instability generated by Myosin 19 contributes to mitochondria cristae architecture and OXPHOS. [Abstract]2022 May 13;13(1):2673. PMID: 35562374 -
J Am Chem Soc
2023 Oct 18;145(41):22433-22441. PMID: 37812815 -
Cell Death Differ
PDK4-driven lactate accumulation facilitates LPCAT2 lactylation to exacerbate sepsis-induced acute lung injury. [Abstract]2025 Oct 7. PMID: 41057687 -
Cell Death Differ
hnRNPH1 maintains mitochondrial homeostasis by establishing NRF1/DRP1 retrograde signaling under mitochondrial stress. [Abstract]2025 Jan;32(1):118-133. PMID: 38898233
Rotenone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Differ. 2025 Jan;32(1):118-133. [Abstract]
Rotenone (2 μM, 18 h) promotes nuclear accumulation of hnRNPH1 in HCT116 and HEK293 cells.
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Neuron
Metabolic reprogramming through histone lactylation in microglia and macrophages recruits CD8+ T lymphocytes and aggravates spinal cord injury. [Abstract]2025 Jul 23;113(14):2280-2296.e8. PMID: 40328251 -
Bone Res
2024 Aug 28;12(1):49. PMID: 39198395
Rotenone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bone Res. 2024 Aug 28;12(1):49. [Abstract]
Rotenone (100 nM; 10 h) specifically reduces CTSK levels in osteoclasts without affecting other resorption enzymes such as MMP-9 and CTSB.
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Autophagy
Copper aggravated synaptic damage after traumatic brain injury by downregulating BNIP3-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]2025 Mar;21(3):548-564. PMID: 39415457 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
2026 Jul;13(39):e20095. PMID: 41972457 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Single-Mitochondrion ATP Profiling Directs Discovery of Targetable OXPHOS Dependency in Cancers. [Abstract]2026 Apr;13(21):e13341. PMID: 41684301 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Redox Cascade in Chicken Skeletal Muscle: SELENOT Suppression in Selenium Deficiency Triggers Disulfidptosis via mtROS-NADPH Dysregulation. [Abstract]2025 Sep 15:e07283. PMID: 40953299 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Dual Activity of Type III PI3K Kinase Vps34 is Critical for NK Cell Development and Senescence. [Abstract]2024 Jun;11(21):e2309315. PMID: 38544346 -
J Adv Res
Parkin modulates the hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment by regulating PD-1/PD-L1 signalling. [Abstract]2025 Jan 2:S2090-1232(24)00623-4. PMID: 39755271 -
J Adv Res
Tolerogenic dendritic cell-mediated regulatory T cell differentiation by Chinese herbal formulation attenuates colitis progression. [Abstract]2025 Apr:70:499-513. PMID: 38677546 -
Biomaterials
Nanoquadruplex-driven hydrogen therapy: NIR-controlled release for targeted cancer ferroptosis. [Abstract]2025 Aug 16:326:123635. PMID: 40865186 -
Biomaterials
Radiation-triggerable bioreactors enable bioenergetic reprograming of cancer stem cell plasticity via targeted arginine metabolism disruption for augmented radio-immunotherapy. [Abstract]2025 May 5:322:123391. PMID: 40344881 -
Exp Mol Med
TAZ as a novel regulator of oxidative damage in decidualization via Nrf2/ARE/Foxo1 pathway. [Abstract]2021 Sep;53(9):1307-1318. PMID: 34497345 -
J Nanobiotechnology
Radiocleavable rare-earth nanoactivators targeting over-expressed folate receptors induce mitochondrial dysfunction and remodel immune suppressive microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. [Abstract]2025 Aug 12;23(1):562. PMID: 40797208 -
Sci Adv
Sphingolipid synthesis in tumor-associated macrophages confers immunotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]2025 May 23;11(21):eadv0558. PMID: 40397754 -
Small
Cell-Derived Biogenetic Gold Nanoparticles for Sensitizing Radiotherapy and Boosting Immune Response against Cancer. [Abstract]2021 Dec;17(50):e2103984. PMID: 34723421 -
Redox Biol
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus promotes viral replication via ROS/HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis. [Abstract]2026 Jan 5:89:104008. PMID: 41512444 -
Redox Biol
Enteric coronavirus PDCoV evokes a non-Warburg effect by hijacking pyruvic acid as a metabolic hub. [Abstract]2024 May:71:103112. PMID: 38461791 -
Redox Biol
A novel CPT1A covalent inhibitor modulates fatty acid oxidation and CPT1A-VDAC1 axis with therapeutic potential for colorectal cancer. [Abstract]2023 Dec:68:102959. PMID: 37977042 -
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Cell Rep Med
Venetoclax acts as an immunometabolic modulator to potentiate adoptive NK cell immunotherapy against leukemia. [Abstract]2024 May 16:101580. PMID: 38776913 -
Pharmacol Res
2024 May 9:204:107208. PMID: 38729587
Rotenone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Pharmacol Res. 2024 May 9:204:107208. [Abstract]
Cell viability in HCT116 cells cultured for one or four days after seeding, followed by treatment with rotenone (ROT) (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 μM) for 48 hours.
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Pharmacol Res
Dimethyl fumarate inhibits necroptosis and alleviates systemic inflammatory response syndrome by blocking the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL axis. [Abstract]2023 Mar:189:106697. PMID: 36796462 -
Clin Cancer Res
Lactate-induced lactylation enhances BMAL1 transcription and nuclear translocation, promoting bevacizumab resistance in glioblastoma through VEGFA. [Abstract]2026 Apr 17. PMID: 41995718 -
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Nat Struct Mol Biol
RNAi screens identify HES4 as a regulator of redox balance supporting pyrimidine synthesis and tumor growth. [Abstract]2024 May 20. PMID: 38769389 -
Cancer Lett
Up-regulation of NMRK2 mediated by TFE3 fusions is the key for energy metabolism adaption of Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma. [Abstract]2022 Jul 10;538:215689. PMID: 35447281 -
Cell Death Dis
Mitochondrial DNA drives NLRP3-IL-1β axis activation in microglia by binding to NLRP3, leading to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease models. [Abstract]2026 Feb 10;17(1):213. PMID: 41667433 -
Cell Death Dis
Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I induces mitochondrial ferroptosis by regulating CoQH2 levels in cancer. [Abstract]2025 Apr 5;16(1):254. PMID: 40185704 -
Adv Healthc Mater
Iron Drives Eosinophil Differentiation in Allergic Airway Inflammation Through Mitochondrial Metabolic Adaptation. [Abstract]2025 Jan 24:e2405085. PMID: 39853900 -
Cell Death Dis
DDAH-1 maintains endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts and protects dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2024 Jun 7;15(6):399. PMID: 38849335 -
Cell Death Dis
RNA binding protein NKAP protects glioblastoma cells from ferroptosis by promoting SLC7A11 mRNA splicing in an m6A-dependent manner. [Abstract]2022 Jan 21;13(1):73. PMID: 35064112 -
Cell Death Dis
Mitochondrial dysfunction induces radioresistance in colorectal cancer by activating [Ca2+]m-PDP1-PDH-histone acetylation retrograde signaling. [Abstract]2021 Sep 6;12(9):837. PMID: 34489398 -
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2025 Nov 25;122(47):e2518190122. PMID: 41264257 -
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2025 Mar 11;122(10):e2404899122. PMID: 40030031 -
Dev Cell
2025 Apr 18:S1534-5807(25)00206-0. PMID: 40280135 -
Dev Cell
DYRK1A-TGF-β signaling axis determines sensitivity to OXPHOS inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]2025 May 19;60(10):1483-1497.e7. PMID: 39798576 -
Dev Cell
2024 May 17:S1534-5807(24)00296-X. PMID: 38776924 -
Int J Biol Macromol
Reticuline isomerase AKR1B1 with aldo-keto reductase activity and detoxification function from the insect Blaps rhynchopetera. [Abstract]2026 Mar:352:151224. PMID: 41791543 -
Int J Biol Macromol
2026 Feb:347:150597. PMID: 41643971 -
Int J Biol Macromol
Single-organelle visualization tracking natural glycosaminoglycans within mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk for inflammatory homeostasis. [Abstract]2025 Jan 27:140362. PMID: 39880268 -
Int J Biol Macromol
Glucomannan from Aloe vera gel maintains intestinal barrier integrity via mitigating anoikis mediated by Nrf2-mitochondria axis. [Abstract]2023 Apr 30:235:123803. PMID: 36841393 -
Phytomedicine
Qingfei Jiedu Huatan formula protects against pneumonia by activating Nrf2 to suppress alveolar epithelial apoptosis. [Abstract]2026 Mar:152:157879. PMID: 41633280 -
EMBO Mol Med
Glycine decarboxylase advances IgA nephropathy by boosting mesangial cell proliferation through the pyrimidine pathway. [Abstract]2025 Oct 13. PMID: 41083822 -
Phytomedicine
Naringenin alleviates endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury in chicken by inhibiting pyroptosis through PINK1-dependent mitophagy. [Abstract]2025 Dec:149:157429. PMID: 41297318 -
EMBO Mol Med
De novo pyrimidine synthesis is a collateral metabolic vulnerability in NF2-deficient mesothelioma. [Abstract]2025 Jul 24. PMID: 40707702 -
Phytomedicine
Qimai Feiluoping decoction inhibits mitochondrial complex I-mediated oxidative stress to ameliorate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. [Abstract]2023 Apr:112:154707. PMID: 36805483 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Taurine restores oocyte quality by enhancing mitochondrial function in mice exposed to dibutyl phthalate during adolescence. [Abstract]2026 Apr:247:224-239. PMID: 41651302 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Baicalin triggers ferroptosis to suppress colorectal cancer via SLC25A28-UQCRC2-regulated electron transport chain disruption. [Abstract]2025 Dec 26:245:56-70. PMID: 41456814 -
NPJ Parkinsons Dis
2025 Oct 28;11(1):310. PMID: 41152257 -
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
Bioactive Light-Responsive Au Nanohybrids for Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Macrophage Reprogramming. [Abstract]2025 Oct 1;17(39):54453-54465. PMID: 40956059 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Cordycepin promotes autophagic degradation of α-synuclein via CacyBP/SIP activation for ameliorating olfactory dysfunction against Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2025 Oct:238:522-541. PMID: 40639630 -
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
Peptide Hydrogels for Renal Carcinoma Therapy via Synergistic Inhibition of Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Metabolism Reprogramming. [Abstract]2025 Jun 25;17(25):36487-36496. PMID: 40518708 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Targeting DUSP26 to drive cardiac mitochondrial dynamics via FAK-ERK signaling in diabetic cardiomyopathy. [Abstract]2024 Nov 5:225:856-870. PMID: 39510451 -
Free Radic Biol Med
2024 Jul 9:S0891-5849(24)00552-5. PMID: 38992393 -
Cancer Immunol Res
Herpes virus entry mediator costimulation signaling enhances CAR-T cell efficacy against solid tumors through metabolic reprogramming. [Abstract]2023 Apr 3;11(4):515-529. PMID: 36689620 -
NPJ Precis Oncol
Mitochondrial translocation of MDM2 and TFAM reprograms metabolism in treatment-refractory cancers. [Abstract]2026 Apr 16. PMID: 41991605 -
Sci Total Environ
Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 mediates mitochondrial fission and glucose metabolic reprogramming in response to ionizing radiation. [Abstract]2024 Jun 30:946:174246. PMID: 38955266
Rotenone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jun 30:946:174246. [Abstract]
Rotenone (ROT) (100 nM; 24-72 h) exacerbates radiation (8 Gy γ-rays)-induced cell death in HeLa and MCF-7 cells.
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Brain Behav Immun
Lnc-USP28-6/ZBTB16 axis orchestrates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and α-synuclein SUMOylation to drive Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. [Abstract]2026 Mar 1:135:106510. PMID: 41775328 -
J Transl Med
GSDME-N-induced mitochondrial neurotoxicity in early neurodegeneration was suppressed by nicotine via enhancing autophagic flux. [Abstract]2025 Oct 31;23(1):1202. PMID: 41174669 -
Oncogene
The tumor suppressor Parkin exerts anticancer effects through regulating mitochondrial GAPDH activity. [Abstract]2024 Oct;43(44):3215-3226. PMID: 39285229 -
Environ Pollut
Isotope fractionation in atrazine degradation reveals rate-limiting, energy-dependent transport across the cell membrane of gram-negative rhizobium sp. CX-Z. [Abstract]2019 May:248:857-864. PMID: 30856501 -
Cell Chem Biol
Chemical modulation of Miro1 alleviates cell-type-specific vulnerabilities in Friedreich's ataxia. [Abstract]2026 Jun 8:S2451-9456(26)00156-X. PMID: 42259290 -
PLoS Biol
2024 Jun 27;22(6):e3002672. PMID: 38935621 -
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Cell Death Discov
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species promote cancer metastasis and tumor microenvironment immunosuppression through gasdermin D. [Abstract]2025 May 6;11(1):219. PMID: 40324993 -
J Autoimmun
Neutrophil extracellular traps induce trophoblasts pyroptosis via enhancing NLRP3 lactylation in SLE pregnancies. [Abstract]2025 Apr 2:153:103411. PMID: 40179478 -
Cell Rep
Blocking glycogen synthase 1 in white adipose tissue alleviates hypermetabolism following severe burn injury through inhibition of JAK2 by UDPG. [Abstract]2025 Nov 18;44(12):116577. PMID: 41259203 -
Cell Rep
A generalized strategy to kill leukemic cells by targeting the regulatory systems governing mitochondrial membrane potential. [Abstract]2025 Nov 25;44(11):116496. PMID: 41166305 -
Cell Rep
Restraint of inflammasome-driven cytokine responses through the mRNA stability protein TTP. [Abstract]2025 Feb 20;44(3):115340. PMID: 39982821 -
Cell Rep
Resolvin D1 reprograms energy metabolism to promote microglia to phagocytize neutrophils after ischemic stroke. [Abstract]2023 Jun 6;42(6):112617. PMID: 37285269 -
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Phytother Res
Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch. Alleviates Paraquat-Induced Lung Injury by Repairing Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Dysfunction. [Abstract]2026 Apr;40(4):1735-1749. PMID: 41618623 -
Phytother Res
Astragaloside IV Relieves Central Sensitization by Regulating Astrocytic ROS/NF-κB Nuclear Translocation Signaling in Chronic Migraine Male Rats. [Abstract]2025 Mar;39(3):1438-1452. PMID: 39801364 -
J Agric Food Chem
Elevated PINK1/Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy and Boosted Mitochondrial Function Mediate Protection of HepG2 Cells from Excess Palmitic Acid by Hesperetin. [Abstract]2024 Jun 12;72(23):13039-13053. PMID: 38809522 -
J Agric Food Chem
Rotenone-Induced Neurodegeneration Is Enabled by a p38-Parkin-ROS Signaling Feedback Loop. [Abstract]2021 Nov 24;69(46):13942-13952. PMID: 34779196 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Melatonin improves the quality of rotenone-exposed mouse oocytes through association with histone modifications. [Abstract]2023 Jun 30:262:115186. PMID: 37393821 -
Front Immunol
The mTORC1 Signaling Support Cellular Metabolism to Dictate Decidual NK Cells Function in Early Pregnancy. [Abstract]2022 Mar 10;13:771732. PMID: 35359988 -
Neurosci Bull
Elevation of H2S Underlies Social Deficits in Environmental Factor Double-Hit Autism Model. [Abstract]2026 Mar 23. PMID: 41870809 -
J Invest Dermatol
Dendritic cells remodel eccrine sweat gland niche metabolism through oxidative phosphorylation during aging. [Abstract]2026 Mar 24:S0022-202X(26)00998-X. PMID: 41887396 -
Cell Prolif
Dissection of Mitochondrial Function via Chemical Perturbation and Single-Cell Profiling. [Abstract]2026 Apr 27:e70216. PMID: 42044679 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Inhalation of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma essential oil alleviates dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease rats through the regulation of neuroinflammation. [Abstract]2025 Apr 15:119705. PMID: 40245967 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Qihuang Zhuyu formula modulates mitochondrial function to inhibit platelet activation via endocannabinoid signaling mediated by the SIRT1/PPARα pathway. [Abstract]2025 Feb 10;338(Pt 1):119006. PMID: 39500463 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Demethylzeylasteral protects against renal interstitial fibrosis by attenuating mitochondrial complex I-mediated oxidative stress. [Abstract]2024 Jun 12:327:117986. PMID: 38437887 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp seeds extract prevents rotenone-induced motor- and non-motor features of Parkinson disease in mice: Insight into mechanisms of neuroprotection. [Abstract]2024 Mar 25:322:117623. PMID: 38128890 -
Vet Q
Glycolytic reprogramming impairs chondrocyte function in broilers with femoral head necrosis. [Abstract]2025 Dec;45(1):2579940. PMID: 41158005 -
Life Sci
PFKFB3 functions as a metabolic checkpoint in corneal fibrosis by coordinating glycolytic reprogramming, fibrotic activation, and inflammation. [Abstract]2026 Jul 15:397:124382. PMID: 41956419 -
Commun Biol
ACO2 deficiency increases vulnerability to Parkinson's disease via dysregulating mitochondrial function and histone acetylation-mediated transcription of autophagy genes. [Abstract]2023 Nov 25;6(1):1201. PMID: 38007539 -
Inflammation
ALDH2 Hampers Immune Escape in Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma through ROS/Nrf2-mediated Autophagy. [Abstract]2022 Dec;45(6):2309-2324. PMID: 35715591 -
Int J Mol Sci
Betulonic Acid Inhibits Type-2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Downregulating Cellular ATP Production. [Abstract]2024 Sep 26;25(19):10366. PMID: 39408695 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Pyroptosis mediated by Parkin-NLRP3 negative feedback loop contributed to Parkinson's disease induced by rotenone. [Abstract]2024 Nov 15;143(Pt 3):113608. PMID: 39549548 -
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol
Inactivation of the AMPKα/CncC/GPX4 axis mediates rotenone-induced ferroptosis in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) model. [Abstract]2026 Jul:305:110517. PMID: 41887387 -
Mol Neurobiol
Potential Therapeutic Effects of Astragaloside IV in Parkinson's Disease Models via Modulation of α-syn-γH2AX-STING-IFN-I Axis. [Abstract]2025 Nov 7;63(1):11. PMID: 41204052 -
Nanomaterials
Synthesis and Antioxidant Effects of Edaravone-Loaded MPEG-2000-DSPE Micelles in Rotenone-Induced PC12 Cell Model of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2024 Dec 6;14(23):1962. PMID: 39683350 -
Microorganisms
Lsm1 Coordinates Mitochondrial Homeostasis, TORC1 Signaling, and Virulence in Candida albicans. [Abstract]2026 Mar 28;14(4):771. PMID: 42075169 -
Exp Neurol
Stereotactic infusion of rotenone into the SN induced a late-stage model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2025 Nov:393:115382. PMID: 40695438 -
FEBS J
Radiation resistance of cancer cells caused by mitochondrial dysfunction depends on SIRT3-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]2023 Jul;290(14):3629-3645. PMID: 36871142 -
Mediators Inflamm
Micheliolide Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Modulating the mROS/NF- κ B/NLRP3 Axis in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. [Abstract]2020 Aug 17;2020:3934769. PMID: 32879619
Rotenone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mediators Inflamm. 2020 Aug 17;2020:3934769. [Abstract]
Western blot analysis of NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 p10 expression in renal tubular epithelial cells stimulated with Rotenone. Rotenone induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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iScience
Prenatal hormone stress triggers embryonic cardiac hypertrophy outcome by ubiquitin-dependent degradation of mitochondrial mitofusin 2. [Abstract]2023 Dec 8;27(1):108690. PMID: 38235340 -
Virol Sin
Thapsigargin suppresses porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus replication by disrupting host energy metabolism. [Abstract]2025 Nov 21:S1995-820X(25)00161-0. PMID: 41276220 -
Neurochem Int
Thiamet-G ameliorates Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive impairment via increasing O-GlcNAcylation of STING in the microglia. [Abstract]2025 Jun 26:106014. PMID: 40578440 -
Antiviral Res
Modulating apoptosis as a novel therapeutic strategy against Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection: insights from Rotenone. [Abstract]2024 Sep 17:106007. PMID: 39299548 -
J Cell Physiol
Protective effects of microRNA-22-3p against retinal pigment epithelial inflammatory damage by targeting NLRP3 inflammasome. [Abstract]2019 Aug;234(10):18849-18857. PMID: 30927257 -
Neurotoxicology
Taurine modulates gut microbiota and attenuates inflammation in a rotenone-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2026 Mar:113:103401. PMID: 41655711 -
ACS Chem Neurosci
Mitochondrial Inhibitor Rotenone Triggers and Enhances Neuronal Ferroptosis Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. [Abstract]2023 Mar 15;14(6):1071-1079. PMID: 36848438 -
Aging
Down-regulation of Cav1.3 in auditory pathway promotes age-related hearing loss by enhancing calcium-mediated oxidative stress in male mice. [Abstract]2019 Aug 19;11(16):6490-6502. PMID: 31425146 -
Sci Rep
A novel chalcone derivative S17 induces apoptosis through ROS dependent DR5 up-regulation in gastric cancer cells. [Abstract]2017 Aug 29;7(1):9873. PMID: 28852176 -
J Virol
DIDS modulates VDAC1 oligomerization to suppress intrinsic apoptosis and attenuates in vitro and in vivo RSV infection. [Abstract]2026 Mar 24;100(3):e0220025. PMID: 41670372 -
J Virol
p53-mediated regulation of electron transport chain and nucleotide synthesis during Newcastle disease virus infection. [Abstract]2025 Nov 25;99(11):e0157625. PMID: 41170972 -
Neurochem Res
OAB-14 Attenuated Glymphatic System Disorder, Neuroinflammation and Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease Model Mice Induced by Rotenone. [Abstract]2025 Apr 12;50(2):142. PMID: 40220255 -
Mol Cell Biochem
UCHL1-mediated deubiquitination of GLOD4 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and PTC malignant progression via GLO1. [Abstract]2026 May 21. PMID: 42166003 -
Mol Cell Biochem
Mechanism of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus exacerbating myocardial injury in male offspring by upregulating growth differentiation factor 15 to promote mitochondrial dysfunction. [Abstract]2025 Oct 10. PMID: 41071265 -
PLoS Comput Biol
A prototype-augmented graph representation learning framework for identifying brain disorder-associated genes and facilitating drug repurposing. [Abstract]2026 May 29;22(5):e1014323. PMID: 42213730 -
Front Med
Mitochondria-Related Ferroptosis Drives Cognitive Deficits in Neonatal Mice Following Sevoflurane Administration. [Abstract]2022 Jul 22:9:887062. PMID: 35935755 -
Vet Res
Prototheca spp. induce an inflammatory response via mtROS-mediated activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways in bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures. [Abstract]2021 Dec 11;52(1):144. PMID: 34895324 -
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone attenuates cisplatin-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via the p53/Nrf2 pathway. [Abstract]2025 Sep 22:505:117578. PMID: 40992637 -
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
Nicotinamide riboside activates SIRT3 to prevent paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. [Abstract]2024 Aug 9:117066. PMID: 39128506 -
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
BDNF mimetics recover palmitic acid-induced injury in cardiomyocytes by ameliorating Akt-dependent mitochondrial impairments. [Abstract]2024 May:486:116951. PMID: 38705401 -
Cell Cycle
SIRT3 suppression resulting from the enhanced β-catenin signaling drives glycolysis and promotes hypoxia-induced cell growth in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Abstract]2024 Feb;23(4):435-447. PMID: 38626328 -
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids
Cytoskeleton regulates lipid droplet fusion and lipid storage by controlling lipid droplet movement. [Abstract]2025 Apr 4:159610. PMID: 40189192 -
IUBMB Life
2025 Sep;77(9):e70048. PMID: 40910899 -
Int J Med Sci
NDUFS1 upregulates ENaCα by NAD+ to promote alveolar fluid clearance in acute lung injury. [Abstract]2025 Jul 28;22(13):3477-3489. PMID: 40860777 -
J Cancer
Tephrosin induces apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species. [Abstract]2021 Jan 1;12(1):270-280. PMID: 33391424 -
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol
Gastrodin inhibits hexokinase-2 mediated glycolysis to rescue rotenone-damaged PC12 cells. [Abstract]2025 Jun 4. PMID: 40464941 -
J Leukoc Biol
Mitochondrial fusion reduces T cell susceptibility to HIV infection through citrate modulation. [Abstract]2025 Apr 11:qiaf042. PMID: 40211578 -
J Bioenerg Biomembr
METTL16-mediated m6A modification of LYRM2 drives breast cancer progression by inducing CD8+ T cell dysfunction via Glycolysis. [Abstract]2026 Mar 18. PMID: 41849076 -
J Reprod Immunol
The expression of MCOLN1 in preeclampsia maintains the balance of autophagy and pyroptosis induced by reactive oxygen species. [Abstract]2025 Oct 10:172:104738. PMID: 41161141 -
Metallomics
AMPK mediates the neurotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles retained in mitochondria or lysosomes. [Abstract]2019 Jul 17;11(7):1200-1206. PMID: 31241124 -
Neuroscience
MRI evaluation of neuroprotective effects of Astragaloside Ⅳ on rotenone-induced late-stage Parkinson's disease mice. [Abstract]2025 Mar 5:568:195-201. PMID: 39761824 -
J Biochem Mol Toxicol
Downregulation of long noncoding RNA SNHG7 protects against inflammation and apoptosis in Parkinson's disease model by targeting the miR-425-5p/TRAF5/NF-κB axis. [Abstract]2021 Oct;35(10):e22867. PMID: 34369042 -
Vet Microbiol
2025 Oct:309:110695. PMID: 40897026 -
SLAS Discov
2025 Mar 21:100227. PMID: 40122462 -
Exp Eye Res
Pericyte loss via glutaredoxin2 downregulation aggravates diabetes-induced microvascular dysfunction. [Abstract]2024 Aug 6:110025. PMID: 39117135 -
Brain Res
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidase CPT1A ameliorates postoperative cognitive dysfunction by regulating astrocyte ferroptosis. [Abstract]2024 Dec 24:149424. PMID: 39725377 -
Brain Res
Morin ameliorates rotenone-induced Parkinson disease in mice through antioxidation and anti-neuroinflammation: gut-brain axis involvement. [Abstract]2022 Aug 15:1789:147958. PMID: 35654119 -
Prostate
MEIS2 Modulates Oxidative Phosphorylation and ROS Generation to Affect CD8+ T Cell Antitumor Immunity in Prostate Cancer. [Abstract]2025 Oct 1. PMID: 41031828 -
J Nat Med
Ginsenoside Rh3-induced neurotoxicity involving the IP3R-Ca2+/NOX2/NF-κB signaling pathways. [Abstract]2025 Jul;79(4):791-806. PMID: 40360886 -
Clin Transl Oncol
Rotenone adaptation promotes migration and invasion of p53-wild-type colon cancer through lipid metabolism. [Abstract]2025 Jun;27(6):2557-2567. PMID: 39612123 -
Nutr Cancer
Metabolic Alterations Induced by Kudingcha Lead to Cancer Cell Apoptosis and Metastasis Inhibition. [Abstract]2020;72(4):696-707. PMID: 31352802 -
Behav Brain Res
Serotonin mitigates depression in a rotenone-induced mouse Parkinson's disease model by inhibiting hippocampal neuronal pyroptosis and neuroinflammation. [Abstract]2025 May 7:115620. PMID: 40345554 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
LXRα agonist differentially regulates BAFF expression and biological effects in RAW264.7 cells depending on growth status: LXRα activation and BAFF signaling in RAW264.7 cells. [Abstract]2024 Nov 30:742:151067. PMID: 39632295 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
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Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (126.77 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.34 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (6.34 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic
This protocol yields a suspended solution of 2.5 mg/mL. Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 0.5% CMC-Na/saline water
Solubility: 25 mg/mL (63.38 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL. * In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen)
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (282 KB)
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SDS (624 KB)
- English - EN (624 KB)
- Français - FR (624 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (624 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (624 KB)
- Español - ES (624 KB)
- Swedish - SV (624 KB)
- Italian - IT (624 KB)
- Korean - KR (624 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (624 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Khadrawy YA, et al. Cerebellar neurochemical and histopathological changes in rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by intrastriatal injection of rotenone. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2016 Nov 30. [Content Brief]
[2]. Guan Q, et al. RNA-Seq Expression Analysis of Enteric Neuron Cells with Rotenone Treatment and Prediction of Regulated Pathways. Neurochem Res. 2016 Nov 30. [Content Brief]
[3]. Kishore Kumar SN, et al. Morinda citrifolia mitigates rotenone-induced striatal neuronal loss in male Sprague-Dawley rats by preventing mitochondrial pathway of intrinsic apoptosis. Redox Rep. 2016 Nov 24:1-12. [Content Brief]
[4]. Zhang ZN, et al. Subcutaneous rotenone rat model of Parkinson's disease: dose exploration study. Brain Res. 2016 Nov 19. pii: S0006-8993(16)30776-4. [Content Brief]
[5]. Li N, et al. Mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 7;278(10):8516-25. [Content Brief]
[6]. Takeuchi H, et al. Nicotinic receptor stimulation protects nigral dopaminergic neurons in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease models. J Neurosci Res. 2009 Feb;87(2):576-85. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 2.5354 mL | 12.6768 mL | 25.3537 mL | 63.3842 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.5071 mL | 2.5354 mL | 5.0707 mL | 12.6768 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2535 mL | 1.2677 mL | 2.5354 mL | 6.3384 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1690 mL | 0.8451 mL | 1.6902 mL | 4.2256 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1268 mL | 0.6338 mL | 1.2677 mL | 3.1692 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1014 mL | 0.5071 mL | 1.0141 mL | 2.5354 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0845 mL | 0.4226 mL | 0.8451 mL | 2.1128 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0634 mL | 0.3169 mL | 0.6338 mL | 1.5846 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0507 mL | 0.2535 mL | 0.5071 mL | 1.2677 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0423 mL | 0.2113 mL | 0.4226 mL | 1.0564 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0317 mL | 0.1585 mL | 0.3169 mL | 0.7923 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0254 mL | 0.1268 mL | 0.2535 mL | 0.6338 mL |
Rotenone Related Classifications
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