2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N12158
    Pipermethystine
    		Inducer
    Pipermethystine is an alkaloid that can be isolated from the Kava plant. Pipermethystine decreases HepG2 cell cellular ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces apoptosis.
    Pipermethystine
  • HY-46006
    Taltobulin intermediate-12
    		Control
    Taltobulin intermediate-12 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Taltobulin (HY-15584). Taltobulin is a common toxin component in ADC preparation (ADC Cytotoxin), and it is also a powerful tubulin (Microtubule/Tubulin) inhibitor. Taltobulin disrupts tubulin polymerization, induces mitotic arrest, and induces apoptosis.
    Taltobulin intermediate-12
  • HY-15036AR
    Diclofenac diethylamine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Diclofenac (diethylamine) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diclofenac (diethylamine). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diclofenac diethylamine is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac diethylamine induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac diethylamine (Standard)
  • HY-113091
    DL-α-Tocotrienol
    		Inhibitor
    Alpha-Tocotrienol is a vitamin E analog with anti-apoptotic neuroprotective action and antioxidant properties. Alpha-Tocotrienol prevents oxidative stress-independent apoptotic cell death, DNA cleavage, and nuclear morphological changes.
    DL-α-Tocotrienol
  • HY-N0434R
    Astragaloside III (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Astragaloside III (Standard) is the analytical standard of Astragaloside III (HY-N0434). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Astragaloside III is a triterpenoid saponin. Astragaloside III can be extracted from Astragalus root. Astragaloside III increases NKG2D and induces TACE phosphorylation. Astragaloside III induces Apoptosis. Astragaloside III has antiviral activity against dengue serotypes 1 and 3. Astragaloside III has anticancer activity against breast and colon cancer.
    Astragaloside III (Standard)
  • HY-17499R
    EGFR-IN-12 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-12 (Standard) is the analytical standard of EGFR-IN-12. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. EGFR-IN-12 is a 4,6-disubstituted pyrimidine and is a potent, ATP-competitive, irreversible and highly selective EGFR inhibitor with an IC50of 21 nM. EGFR-IN-12 also inhibits mutant EGFRL858R and EGFRL861Q with IC50s of 63 nM and 4 nM, respectively. EGFR-IN-12 displays strong selectivity for EGFR over HER4 (IC50 = 7640 nM) and a panel of 55 other kinases. EGFR-IN-12 induces cells apoptosis and has antitumor activity.
    EGFR-IN-12 (Standard)
  • HY-18572R
    2,4-D (Standard)
    		Inducer
    2,4-D (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2,4-D (HY-18572). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2,4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is a selective herbicide that can be used for the control of broad-leaved weeds. 2,4-D can induce apoptosis. 2,4-D inhibits DNA and protein synthesis, thereby preventing normal plant growth and development.
    2,4-D (Standard)
  • HY-109583S
    4-Oxofenretinide-d4
    4-Oxofenretinide-d4 (4-Oxo-4-HPR-d4) is deuterium labeled 4-Oxofenretinide. 4-Oxofenretinide (4-Oxo-4-HPR) is a metabolite of Fenretinide (HY-15373). 4-Oxofenretinide induces cell growth inhibition in ovarian, breast, and neuroblastoma tumor cell lines. 4-Oxofenretinide causes a marked accumulation of cells in G2-M. 4-Oxofenretinide induces cancer cell apoptosis through caspase-9.
    4-Oxofenretinide-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N6733R
    Aphidicolin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Aphidicolin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Aphidicolin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Aphidicolin is an inhibitor of DNA polymerase α and δ, prevents mitotic cell division by interfering DNA polymerase activity. Aphidicolin is an antibiotic produced by mold Cephalosporium aphidicola, inhibits cellular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and the growth of herpes simplex virus. Aphidicolin exhibits anti-orthopoxvirus activity and potentiates apoptosis induced by arabinosyl nucleosides in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line.
    Aphidicolin (Standard)
  • HY-41043
    Taltobulin intermediate-2
    		Control
    Taltobulin intermediate-2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Taltobulin (HY-15584). Taltobulin is a common toxin component in ADC preparation (ADC Cytotoxin), and it is also a powerful tubulin (Microtubule/Tubulin) inhibitor. Taltobulin disrupts tubulin polymerization, induces mitotic arrest, and induces apoptosis.
    Taltobulin intermediate-2
  • HY-B2046R
    Simazine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Simazine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Simazine (HY-B2046). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Simazine is a triazine herbicide. Simazine is widely used in agriculture, potted plant and tree production. In addition, Simazine can induce the apoptosis of immune cells in the spleen of mice and inhibit the proliferation of B cells and T cells in mice.
    Simazine (Standard)
  • HY-132242R
    DL-Sulforaphane N-acetyl-L-cysteine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pipemidic acid (trihydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pipemidic acid (trihydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pipemidic acid trihydrate, a derivative of Piromidic acid, is an antibacterial agent. Pipemidic acid trihydrate inhibits DNA gyrase. Pipemidic acid trihydrate is active against gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as some gram-positive bacteria. Pipemidic acid trihydrate can be used for the research of intestinal, urinary, and biliary tract infections.
    DL-Sulforaphane N-acetyl-L-cysteine (Standard)
  • HY-B0347S
    Lacidipine-d10
    Lacidipine-d10 is the deuterium labeled Lacidipine. Lacidipine (Lacipil, Motens) is a L-type calcium channel blocker.
    Lacidipine-</sub>d<sub>10</sub>
  • HY-100237R
    SZL P1-41 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    SZL P1-41 (Standard) is the analytical standard of SZL P1-41 (HY-100237). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. SZL P1-41 is a specific Skp2 inhibitor, binds to the F-box domain of Skp2 to prevent Skp1 association and Skp2 SCF complex formation. SZL P1-41, like Skp2 deficiency, augments p27-mediated apoptosis/senescence, while it impairs Akt-driven glycolysis. Anti-tumor activities.
    SZL P1-41 (Standard)
  • HY-104064R
    1A-116 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    1A-116 (Standard) is the analytical standard of 1A-116 (HY-104064). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 1A-116, a potent Rac1 inhibitor, is specific for W56 residues, can prevent EGF-induced Rac1 activation and block Rac1-P-Rex1 interaction. 1A-116 can induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation, migration and cycle progression in a concentration-dependent manner. 1A-116 also demonstrates a high antimetastatic activity in vivo.
    1A-116 (Standard)
  • HY-10128R
    ZM-447439 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    ZM-447439 (Standard) is the analytical standard of ZM-447439 (HY-10128). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. ZM-447439 is an aurora kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 110 and 130 nM for aurora A and B, respectively.
    ZM-447439 (Standard)
  • HY-124068
    LQB-118
    		Inducer
    LQB-118 is an orally active compound derived from sandalwood. LQB-118 can inhibit the migration of glioblastoma cells and induce cell death. LQB-118 can suppress the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells by regulating the AKT/GSK3β pathway and the expression of the MMP-9/reck genes. LQB-118 can also inhibit yeast polysaccharide-induced inflammation both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, LQB-118 selectively induces ROS-triggered and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in Leishmania amazonensis. LQB-118 can be used in studies related to inflammation, infections, and cancer diseases.
    LQB-118
  • HY-10209R
    Masitinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Masitinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Masitinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Masitinib (AB1010) is a potent, orally bioavailable, and selective inhibitor of c-Kit (IC50=200 nM for human recombinant c-Kit). It also inhibits PDGFRα/β (IC50s=540/800 nM), Lyn (IC50= 510 nM for LynB), Lck, and, to a lesser extent, FGFR3 and FAK. Masitinib (AB1010) has anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic activity and low toxicity.
    Masitinib (Standard)
  • HY-14291S5
    Vildagliptin-d6
    		Inhibitor
    Vildagliptin-d6 (LAF237-d6 ) is deuterium labeled Vildagliptin. Vildagliptin (LAF237) is a potent, stable, selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.5 nM in human Caco-2 cells. Vildagliptin possesses excellent oral bioavailability and potent antihyperglycemic activity.
    Vildagliptin-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-10029A
    (Rac)-Nutlin-3
    		Inducer 98.18%
    (Rac)-Nutlin-3 (Rebemadlin), an active enantiomer of Nutlin-3, is a potent murine double minute (MDM2) inhibitor (IC50=90 nM). (Rac)-Nutlin-3 inhibits MDM2-p53 interactions and stabilizes the p53 protein, and induces cell autophagy and apoptosis. (Rac)-Nutlin-3 has the potential for the study of TP53 wild-type ovarian carcinomas.
    (Rac)-Nutlin-3
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity