2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-Y0152R
    Cinchonine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Cinchonine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cinchonine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cinchonine is a natural compound present in Cinchona bark with antimalarial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti platelet-aggregation and anti-obesity properties. Cinchonine inhibits cells proliferation and autophagy and induces apoptosis through activation of Caspase-3. Cinchonine activates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cells.
    Cinchonine (Standard)
  • HY-N0382S
    Galangin-13C3
    		Inducer
    Galangin-13C3 is the 13C-labeled Galangin. Galangin (Norizalpinin) is an agonist/antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.
    Galangin-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0889R
    Ginkgetin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ginkgetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginkgetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ.
    Ginkgetin (Standard)
  • HY-172678
    PUC-10
    		Inducer
    PUC-10 is a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 14.6 nM and an IC50 of 32 nM. In silico predictions suggest that PUC-10 is orally active and can cross the blood-brain barrier. PUC-10 can induce autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting the mTOR pathway. PUC-10 can be used in the research of neurological disorders.
    PUC-10
  • HY-157458
    PDEδ autophagic degrader 1
    		Inducer
    PDEδ autophagic degrader 1 (compound 12c), an autophagosome-tethering compound (ATTEC). is a potent PDEδ autophagic degrader. PDEδ autophagic degrader 1 reduces the PDEδ protein level through lysosome-mediated autophagy without affecting the PDEδ mRNA expression. PDEδ autophagic degrader 1 suppresses the growth in KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer cells.
    PDEδ autophagic degrader 1
  • HY-173057
    BMX-IN-3
    		Inducer
    BMX-IN-3 (B6a) is an irreversible and selective BMX inhibitor, with an IC50 of 12 nM. BMX-IN-3 (B6a) promots cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, triggers protective autophagy, and suppresses the BMX/AKT/mTOR pathway. BMX-IN-3 (B6a) can be used in the research for Gastric Carcinoma .
    BMX-IN-3
  • HY-125197
    BRD5631
    		Activator
    BRD5631 is an autophagy enhancer, enhances autophagy through an mTOR-independent pathway. BRD5631 affects several cellular disease phenotypes previously linked to autophagy, including protein aggregation, cell survival, bacterial replication, and inflammatory cytokine production.
    BRD5631
  • HY-N10443
    Mammea A/BA
    		Inducer
    Mammea A/BA has potent activity against Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Mammea A/BA induces mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA fragmentation, and increases number of acidic vacuoles. Mammea A/BA can induce apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. Mammea A/BA can be used for researching chagas disease.
    Mammea A/BA
  • HY-114293
    Acetyl coenzyme A
    		Inhibitor
    Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.
    Acetyl coenzyme A
  • HY-N1458R
    Isoschaftoside (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Isoschaftoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isoschaftoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isoschaftoside, a C-glycosylflavonoid from Desmodium uncinatum root exudate, can inhibit growth of germinated S. hermonthica radicles. Isoschaftoside reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces proliferation in senescent cells. Isoschaftoside activates autophagy. Isoschaftoside can be used for anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective and nematicidal study.
    Isoschaftoside (Standard)
  • HY-17504AS
    Rosuvastatin-d3
    		Inducer
    Rosuvastatin-d3 (ZD 4522-d3) is a deuterium labeled Rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin (ZD 4522) is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 11 nM. Rosuvastatin potently blocks human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) current with an IC50 of 195 nM, delayed cardiac repolarization, and thereby prolonged action potential durations (APDs) and corrected QT interval (QTc) intervals.
    Rosuvastatin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-178191
    SGC stimulator 1
    		Activator
    sGC stimulator 1 is a carbonyl sulfide (COS)/H2S-donor hybrid soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) stimulator (EC50 = 496 nM). sGC stimulator 1 exhibits a well-characterized H2S-releasing property. sGC stimulator 1 reduces fibrosis in TGF-β1-treated cardiac fibroblasts by increasing cGMP and H2S levels. sGC stimulator 1 can exert anti-fibrotic effects by activating sGC and increasing H2S. sGC stimulator 1 can be used for the study of heart failure (HF).
    SGC stimulator 1
  • HY-161647
    Antitumor agent-156
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-156 (Compound 20) causes DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, promotes reactive oxygen species generation, activates endoplasmic reticulum stress, and induce apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis. Antitumor agent-156 shows superior antitumor activity against cancer cells including Cisplatin (HY-17394) resistance cells. Antitumor agent-156 displayS good liver-targeting ability.
    Antitumor agent-156
  • HY-181483
    CDK6-IN-2
    		Modulator
    CDK6-IN-2 is a CDK6 covalent inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.013 μM. CDK6-IN-2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of triple-negative breast cancer cells, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. CDK6-IN-2 induces ROS accumulation and mitochondrial damage through cellular metabolic reprogramming. CDK6-IN-2 exhibits anti-tumor activity and can be used for the research of triple-negative breast cancer.
    CDK6-IN-2
  • HY-16508S
    Ulipristal acetate-d6
    		Inducer
    Ulipristal acetate-d6 is deuterium labeled Ulipristal acetate. Ulipristal acetate (CDB-2914) is an orally active, selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM). Ulipristal acetate stimulates the autophagic response selectively in leiomyoma cells. Ulipristal acetate has the potential for benign gynecological conditions treatment, such as uterine myoma.
    Ulipristal acetate-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-DY1080
    Dansylcadaverine (solution)
    		Chemical
    Dansylcadaverine (solution) (Monodansyl cadaverine (solution)) is an autofluorescent compound used for the labeling of autophagic vacuoles. Dansylcadaverine, a high affinity substrate of transglutaminases, can block the receptor-mediated endocytosis of many ligands.
    Solvent and concentration: DMSO: 10 mM
    Dansylcadaverine (solution)
  • HY-10197R
    Wortmannin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Wortmannin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Wortmannin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Wortmannin (SL-2052; KY-12420) is a potent, selective and irreversible PI3K inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM. Wortmannin also blocks autophagy formation, and potently inhibits Polo-like kinase 1 (PlK1) and Plk3 with IC50s of 5.8 and 48 nM, respectively.
    Wortmannin (Standard)
  • HY-Y1269H
    Ammonium chloride, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur. BP USP FCC
    		Inhibitor
    Ammonium chloride, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur. BP USP FCC (Salmiac, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur. BP USP FCC) can be used as a heteropolar compound to regulate pH value, which can cause intracellular alkalination and metabolic acidosis, thus affecting the activity of enzymes and affecting the process of biological systems. Ammonium chloride is an autophagy inhibitor. Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.
    Ammonium chloride, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur. BP USP FCC
  • HY-B1227S1
    Carprofen-13C,d3
    Carprofen-13C,d3 is the deuterium and 13C labeled Carprofen. Carprofen is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a multi-target FAAH/COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 3.9 μM, 22.3 μM and 78.6 μM for COX-2, COX-1 and FAAH, respectively.
    Carprofen-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-W584520
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH-Boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH-Boc is a Boc-modified Thalidomide (HY-14658) that acts as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein. The Boc protecting group at the end of Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH-Boc can be removed under acidic conditions to participate in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH-Boc is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH-Boc
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.