2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-176761
    NSC647889
    		Inducer 99.28%
    NSC647889 is an apoptosis and autophagy inducer. NSC647889 induces apoptosis, inhibits mTOR pathway and abrogates DNA synthesis. NSC647889 triggers LC3-positive vesicle formation, modulates AKT and 4EBP1 phosphorylation and shows heightened caspase-3 activation in multicellular spheroids. NSC647889 can be used for the research of solid cancer tumour, head-neck carcinoma, and colorectal cancer.
    NSC647889
  • HY-B0151S
    Pregnenolone-d4
    		Inducer
    Pregnenolone-d4 is the deuterium labeled Pregnenolone. Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels.
    Pregnenolone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-B0172AS
    Isoallolithocholic acid-d2
    		99.28%
    Isoallolithocholic acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled Isoallolithocholic acid (HY-B0172A). Isoallolithocholic acid is a T cell regulator and enhances regulatory T cells (Tregs) differentiation.
    Isoallolithocholic acid-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-17376R
    Ezetimibe (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ezetimibe (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ezetimibe. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ezetimibe (SCH 58235) is a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Ezetimibe is a Niemann-Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1) inhibitor, and is a potent Nrf2 activator.
    Ezetimibe (Standard)
  • HY-N2855
    Alphitolic acid
    		Inducer
    Alphitolic acid (Aophitolic acid) is an anti-inflammatory triterpene could found in quercus aliena. Alphitolic acid blocks Akt–NF-κB signaling to induce apoptosis. Alphitolic acid induces autophagy. Alphitolic acid has anti-inflammatory activity and down-regulates the NO and TNF-α production. Alphitolic acid can be used for cancer and inflammation research.
    Alphitolic acid
  • HY-153661
    Cereblon inhibitor 2
    		Inducer 98.09%
    Cereblon inhibitor 2 (compound 8) is a Cereblon inhibitor useful in solid tumor research, especially breast cancer.
    Cereblon inhibitor 2
  • HY-N4238
    Dehydrocorydaline nitrate
    		99.89%
    Dehydrocorydaline nitrate (13-Methylpalmatine nitrate) is an alkaloid. Dehydrocorydaline regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP. Dehydrocorydaline nitrate elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities.. Dehydrocorydaline nitrate shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC50 =38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability > 90%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain.
    Dehydrocorydaline nitrate
  • HY-N8034
    Glychionide A
    		Inducer
    Glychionide A is a flavonoside that can be found in the roots of Glychirriza glabra. Glychionide A promotes apoptosis and autophagy of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Glychionide A can be used for the research of cancer.
    Glychionide A
  • HY-B0561S
    Spironolactone-d7
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Spironolactone-d7 is the deuterium labeled Spironolactone. Spironolactone (SC9420) is an orally active aldosterone mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 24 nM. Spironolactone is also a potent antagonist of androgen receptor with an IC50 of 77 nM. Spironolactone promotes autophagy in podocytes.
    Spironolactone-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-14648S5
    Dexamethasone-d3-1
    		Inducer 98.02%
    Dexamethasone-d3-1 (Hexadecadrol-d3-1; Prednisolone F-d3-1) is a deuterium labeled Dexamethasone (HY-14648). Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.
    Dexamethasone-d<sub>3</sub>-1
  • HY-B1000R
    Selenomethionine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Selenomethionine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Selenomethionine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Selenomethionine is a naturally occurring amino acid containing selenium that has oral activity and is a common natural food source. Selenomethionine has antitumor activity[1][2][3].
    Selenomethionine (Standard)
  • HY-N0189R
    Aloe emodin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Aloe emodin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Aloe emodin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications.
    Aloe emodin (Standard)
  • HY-132858
    Thalidomide-4-O-C10-COOH
    		Inducer 99.14%
    Thalidomide-4-O-C10-COOH is a E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C10-COOH
  • HY-10227S
    Bortezomib-d8
    		Modulator 98.0%
    Bortezomib-d8 is the deuterium labeled Bortezomib. Bortezomib (PS-341) is a reversible and selective proteasome inhibitor, and potently inhibits 20S proteasome (Ki=0.6 nM) by targeting a threonine residue. Bortezomib disrupts the cell cycle, induces apoptosis, and inhibits NF-κB. Bortezomib is the first proteasome inhibitor anticancer agent. Bortezomib can be used for the study of multiple myeloma (MM). Bortezomib effectively inhibits TREM2 expression in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs).
    Bortezomib-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-B0968R
    Trimetazidine dihydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Trimetazidine (dihydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trimetazidine (dihydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of free fatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor.
    Trimetazidine dihydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-112618B
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.32%
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C6-NH2 hydrochloride, a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker, can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-14374
    GPP78
    		Inducer 99.0%
    GPP78 (CAY10618) is a potent Nampt inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.0 nM for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) depletion. GPP78 is cytotoxic to neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y cells with an IC50 of 3.8 nM by inducing autophagy. GPP78 has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects.
    GPP78
  • HY-13017S1
    Ivacaftor-d19
    		98.10%
    Ivacaftor-d9 is a potent CFTR modulator and exhibits an EC50 value of 255 nM for CFTR potentiation in G551D/F508del HBE Cells. Ivacaftor-D9 acts as an orally active and improved deuterated Ivacaftor analog for cystic fibrosis research.
    Ivacaftor-d<sub>19</sub>
  • HY-10162S3
    Olaparib-d4-1
    		Inducer 98.59%
    Olaparib-d4-1 (AZD2281-d4-1) is the deuterium labeled Olaparib (HY-10162). Olaparib is a potent and orally active PARP inhibitor with IC50s of 5 and 1 nM for PARP1 and PARP2, respectively. Olaparib is an autophagy and mitophagy activator.
    Olaparib-d<sub>4</sub>-1
  • HY-148114
    MOPIPP
    		Inducer 98.54%
    MOPIPP is a novel indolebased chalcone, and vacuolin-1, is a non-lethal vacuoleinducing 2-propyl analog of MOMIPP (HY-119624). MOPIPP induces cellular vacuolization and increases autophagosomes numbers. MOPIPP can be used for the study of glioblastoma cells.
    MOPIPP
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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